20) Biosecurity, Food Adulteration and Food Supply Protection

Question 1

define food adulteration

Answer 1

food pdt failing to meet legal standards

Question 2

what are examples of food adulteration?

Answer 2

• adding an ingredient of lesser value
• adding color/flavour to mask a defect
• using a species of lesser value (eg. horse meat)
• using an ingredient from an off-label location

Question 3

define food security

Answer 3

access to sufficient calories on a daily basis

Question 4

why is food safety a food security issue?

Answer 4

contaminated food can’t be eaten and may threaten the food supply

Question 5

define food bioterrorism

Answer 5

intentional contamination of food for economic gains or to cause harm

Question 6

what is the cause of foodborne illness?

Answer 6

system failure that enables the introduction, growth and survival of the contaminant to reach levels high enough to cause harm

Question 7

what are steps to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention of reducing risk of intentional contamination

Answer 7

1. analyze vulnerability of a particular section/operation within the food system
2. deploy an intervention
3. analyze the vulnerability again

Question 8

what are 2 sets of risk management tools that can be used in intentional food contmaination risk management?

Answer 8

1. ORM: operational risk management

2. CARVER: criticality, accessibility, recuperability, vulnerability, effect, recognizability

Question 9

define ORM

Answer 9

operational risk management: function of the severity and probability of the failure

Question 10

what are the 5 steps in ORM?

Answer 10

1. identify the hazard
2. assess potential consequence of the hazards
3. determine which risks to manage with which interventions
4. implement the interventions
5. assess the success of the interventions

Question 11

in ORM, what is the scale/levels of:

a) severity
b) probability

(they have diff scales)

Answer 11

severity:

1. very high: high morbidity and mortality
2. high: primarily morbidity and some mortality
3. medium: some morbidity and no mortality
4. low: no real impact

probability:

1. very high: system continuously vulnerable
2. high: system regularly vulnerable
3. medium: system sporadically vulnerable
4. low: system seldom vulnerable
5. very low: system rarely vulnerable

Question 12

what is the general approach of ORM?

Answer 12

• select food system(s) of concern
• identify points of vulnerability
• conduct a severity vs probability assessment for the vulnerability
• vulnerabilities are ranked
• intervention efforts take place to migitate risks
• evaluate success of intervention

Question 13

describe CARVER + Shock

Answer 13

a process used to evaluate the vulnerability of a food operation system by evaluating each node within the system

Question 14

what are the 7 elements of CARVER+shock

Answer 14

1. criticality: degree that public health or economic consequences are nationally significant
2. accessibility: physical access to target
3. recuperability: overall system resiliency measured by time needed to bring system into operation
4. vulnerability: attack feasibility viewed by potential for a successful attack
5. effect: defined by fraction of the food system impacted by attack
6. recognizably: ease of target identification
7. shock: combined health, economic and psychological impacts of a successful attack

Question 15

what are the 1st and 2nd steps of CARVER+shock?

Answer 15

1. define a scale (have points for high and low risk nodes)

2. evaluate food facility and identify unique nodes. Each node should represent entire production system

Question 16

what are 3 food system interventions?

Answer 16

1. detect to prevent: enables positive confirmation of contamination before finished food item leaves facility to eliminate public health concerns
2. detect to protect: occurs after food has left the factors. Still strives to prevent public health consequences
3. detect to recover: response strategy; fast identification of intentional contamination to quickly contain and minimize the impact