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Waste Management > 2. Waste Management Hierarchy and History > Flashcards

2. Waste Management Hierarchy and History Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the Ideal Waste Management Hierarchy

A
  1. Source Reduction
  2. Waste Minimization
  3. Reuse
  4. Recycle
  5. Treatment and Energy Recovery (use energy from methane in landfills)
  6. Disposal
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2
Q

What are the 4 basic ways of dealing with waste over human history?

A
  1. Burning
  2. Dump
  3. Recycle
  4. Waste Minimzation
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3
Q

Waste in 1000 BC

A

Waste became a problem when we began to establish permanent settlements (no longer nomadic)

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4
Q

400BC-athens

A

1st municipal dump (1 mile from the city)

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5
Q

200 BC

A

First garbage collection

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6
Q

Jerusalem, Palestine, the Valley of Gehenna (Sheoal), New Testament
‘Though I descend into Sheoal, thou art there’

What is Sheoal?

A
  • Sheoal was reference to hell
  • actually a dump outside of the city
  • Associated with Spontaneous combustion –> burning periodically
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7
Q

2000BC - 900 AD- Mayans, Central America

A

Trampled underfoot or swept into corners of home

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8
Q

In Europe and USA how was garbage and waste handled?

A

Garbage and human waste was thrown out the window and onto the street below
Dogs would eat it

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9
Q

1388 England

A

Banned dumping of waste in ditches and waterways

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10
Q

1657- Manhattan, New York

A

Could no longer throw waste into streets

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11
Q

1400 Paris

A

Piles of garbage outside city gates so high it interfered with the cities defenses

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12
Q

1800s USA

A
  • Pigs running loose in the street
  • Would eat garbage
  • Problem is pigs make waste
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13
Q

1834 Charleston, West Virginia

A
  • law protecting vultures from hunters

- birds ate garbage and would fly away

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14
Q

1842 Age of Sanitation, England

A

Report linking disease to filthy conditions

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15
Q

1860 Washington

A
  • Garbage and human waste still thrown in streets
  • pigs in streets making manure
  • Fumes from Slaughter house
  • Rats and Cockroaches infested most buildings
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16
Q

1866 New York

A

Banned throwing animal remains, garbage and ash into streets

17
Q

1872 New York

A

Stopped dumping garbage in East River

18
Q

1874- Nottingham, England

A

“The Destroyer”

-organized incineration of trash

19
Q

1880 New York

A

15000 horse carcasses being removed from streets

20
Q

1885- Governors Island, New York

A

-first north american incinerator

21
Q

1900s USA

A
  • Piggeries
  • pigs no longer roamed streets
  • buildings housed the pigs and fed “fresh” or cooked garbage
  • Estimate 1 ton garbage/day = 75 pigs
22
Q

1900

A

Germ Theory

-still about 3 million horses in USA each leaving behind about 20 lbs of manure and galleons of urine

23
Q

1905, New York

A

Williamsburg bridge is lit by electricity generated by a garbage incinerator
-first waste to energy

24
Q

1910

A

City beautification programs begin, resident driven

25
Q

1915

A

Local Clean-up campaigns sponsored by National Clean-Up and Paint Up bureau sponsors

26
Q

1917

A

Waste Reclamation Service is started by the USA federal government

  • Motto “Don’t waste waste, save it”
  • Shortages of raw materials during WW1
27
Q

1920

A
  • “Reclaiming” of wetlands near cities

- filling in wetlands with garbage and ash as disposal method

28
Q

1933, New York

A
  • forced to stop dumping waste into Atlantic Ocean

- applies to municipal waste, not Commercial waste

29
Q

1959

A
  • First Standard guide to sanitary landfills

- try to get rid of odors and rats by compaction of the waste and covering it daily with soil

30
Q

1965

A
  • First USA federal laws dealing with solid waste management

- “Solid Waste Disposal Act”

31
Q

1970

A

First Earth Day

-EPA created

32
Q

1972

A

US Federal Clean Waters Act

33
Q

1976

A

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act created

  • emphasized resource and conservation
  • all dumps be replaced by “Sanitary Landfills”
  • Toxic Substances Control Act
    • Hazardous waste recognized
34
Q

1989

A

An agenda for action- EPA

-need an integrated solid waste management plan

35
Q

Today’s issues with waste (x5)

A
  1. Volume and diverse nature of the waste streams
  2. Funding limitations
  3. Growing urban populations
  4. Limitations on physical space
  5. Public Awareness, advocacy and attitude

Waste Management (9 decks)

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