2 - War & Society in early Modern Britain 1500-1750

Question 1

What years were Elizabeths wars?

Answer 1

1585-1603

Question 2

How did England become divided 1550s?

Answer 2

Henry VIII supported Catholics until he established himself as head of the Church after quarrelling with the pope.

He died = Edward VI (his son) led the church

He died = Sister Mary made England Catholic

She died = Elizabeth made England protestant again

Question 3

What did Elizabeth face in 1569?

Answer 3

Catholic rebellion and many plots attempting to kill her.

Question 4

What were the natures of Elizabeths wars?

Answer 4

Religion, main threats were Catholic France and Spain.

Defence and survival, Spanish attempted an invasion in 1588 and in the mid-1590s.

Ambition, wanted to increase England’s power and influence in the world.

Question 5

How did Elizabeth carry out her wars?

Answer 5

Using sea power

Saw that a strategy based on attacking Spanish ships and seaports could be very effective.

Sea power became much more important.

Question 6

Why was Spain Englands greatest enemy during Elizabeth’s reign?

Answer 6

Most powerful country in Europe - wealth from gold and silver mines, mainly in South America.

Spanish King, Phillip II, was. a Catholic

Question 7

Who attacked Spanish ports in America and captured Spanish ships on his voyage around the world?

Answer 7

Francis Drake

Question 8

What benefit did Elizabeth gain from Francis Drake and what did she award him?

Answer 8

Elizabeth pocketed what is worth £80 million today

Drake earned a knighthood.

Question 9

What effect did privateering have on England?

Answer 9

Bought immense wealth

Saved Elizabeth the expense of building warships - therefore less taxes on the people

Question 10

What did Elizabeth help in the 1570s? What did it mean?

Answer 10

A protestant rebellion in the Netherlands against Spanish Rule.

War w/ Spain became ‘official’.

Question 11

Who assembled an armada to invade England and when?

Answer 11

King Phillip II

Late 1580s

Question 12

What gave Elizabeth time to improve her defences in the Spanish Armada? When?

Answer 12

1587

Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz which delayed the departure of the Spanish Armada.

Question 13

When did the Spanish Armada finally set sail?

Answer 13

1588

Question 14

Explain the evens of the Spanish Armada

Answer 14

Orders were to sail to Netherlands to meet Duke of Parma.

Instead they were tracked by the English:

Spanish = More men 
English = Better artillery

Armada anchored Calais but English sent fire-ships so armada sailed off in chaos.

Bad weather and rough seas = more damage than the English had on them so returned to Spain.

Question 15

What did the English victory show off in the Spanish Armada?

Answer 15

Superiority of Elizabeths naval forces.

Question 16

Why did Elizabeth send Drake, 1589, with ships and troops to Spain? What did it result in?

Answer 16

Feared King Phillip II would attack again.

Failed and thousands of soldiers died.

Question 17

What did the English fear Spain would use Ireland as?

Answer 17

a ‘back door’ to attack England.

Question 18

Why did England loose control of most of Ireland?

Answer 18

Because a revolt broke out in Ulster and Spain sent troops to help the Irish

Question 19

What did Elizabeth decide to do with Ireland?

Answer 19

Launch a full-scale conquest of Ireland.

Tactic worked and in 1603 Hugh O’Neill, leader of revolt, made peace.

Question 20

What was the effect of Elizabeths war in Ireland?

Answer 20

Cost Elizabeth about the same as the entire war of Spain.

Remained a troublesome territory for England.

Question 21

What were the 4 impacts of Elizabeths wars?

Answer 21

Recruitment
Taxes
Economic crisis
Casualties

Question 22

Impact of Elizabeths wars:

Explain Recruitment

Answer 22

Army:

Over 110,000 English soldiers fought abroad. - Most were criminals.

No shortage of nobles and gentlemen willing to serve yet in 1585 few had military experience.

Navy:

English ships were among the best built and armed in Europe.

Many of Elizabeth’s 50,000 sailors were volunteers who hoped to get rich by capturing Spanish ships.

Question 23

Impact of Elizabeths wars:

Explain Taxes (How were the wars paid for?)

Answer 23

Selling crown lands and borrowing money from wealthy subjects

Ship money – Traditionally in wartime the crown requisitioned merchant ships to use in the navy but Elizabeth demanded money as well. When extended to inland areas = bitterly opposed.

Increased local taxes to pay for the repair of coastal forts, equipment and training.

Question 24

Impact of Elizabeths wars:

Explain Economic Crisis

Answer 24

War contributed to England’s economic crisis in the 1590s with unemployment and inflation.

Military recruitment had a big effect on the economy as men were taken away from their land jobs.

War also led to a disruption of trade and food shortages due to bad harvests in the mid-1590s.

Question 25

Impact of Elizabeths wars: Explain Casualties

Answer 25

No fighting on English soil Military casualties very high - Historians estimate around 30,000 English soldiers died in the wars in Ireland, mostly from disease.

Question 26

How did Elizabeth keep the support of the People?

Answer 26

Propaganda / portraits War weariness

Question 27

Explain how Elizabeth used propaganda / portraits to keep the support of her people during the war

Answer 27

Portraits = wise, successful, clever and brave. -Leading nobles had copies hung in their homes = spread and strengthened her title. Government also used printing and press to good effect: Pamphlets, songs and plays were used to emphasize the rightness of the English cause and the evil nature of Spain and of Catholicism. Also used the defeat of the armada to its advantage for many years to come.

Question 28

Explain how Elizabeth used war weariness to keep the support of her people during the war

Answer 28

Lot of support when Spanish armada threatened to invade in 1588. – Large army of volunteers assembled at Tilbury. Victory over the Spanish celebrated all over country. Some criticised cost of the war and the way it was handled but little open opposition. BUT in the 1590s, as wars dragged on, war-weariness took over as many Englishmen disliked the increased tax and the levying of troops.

Question 29

When were the Civil Wars of England?

Answer 29

1642-51

Question 30

Why did Britain tear itself apart in the civil wars? What was the nature of the wars? (3)

Answer 30

Religion (biggest reason) Political ideology 3 Kingdoms and racial prejudice

Question 31

Explain what religion had to do with the English civil wars

Answer 31

Charles I wanted church in England and Scotland to be same. - Many supported this. BUT Many, such as puritans (hard-line protestants) feared he was bringing back Catholicism.

Question 32

Explain what political ideology had to do with the English civil wars

Answer 32

Charles I didn't like how parliament had become increasingly important so demanded they obey all his decisions. - 1628, MPs openly challenged him and in response he dismissed them and didn't call again until 1640. During civil wars those who fought: Against Charles = fighting to preserve the rights of parliament For Charles = Fighting for the traditional authority of the king and his right to rule w/out question.

Question 33

Explain what 3 kingdoms and racial prejudice had to do with the English civil wars

Answer 33

Supporters of parliament feared the Irish as propaganda in England portrayed the Irish as savages and Catholics. In 1641, Catholic rebels killed many protestant settlers in Ireland. In the late 1640s parliament sent troops to Ireland to crush the rebels.

Question 34

What were the 4 impacts of the Civil wars in 1642-51?

Answer 34

Divided nation Fighting Physical destruction Social and psychological impact

Question 35

Impact of the Civil wars in 1642-51: Explain Divided nation

Answer 35

Raising armies under parliamentary or royalist commanders Paying for the war effort: - National level = Taxes - Parliaments areas = 2 main taxes (assessment and excise) - Royalist areas = contribution

Question 36

Impact of the Civil wars in 1642-51: Explain fighting

Answer 36

Battles - warfare evolving; guns, cannon and musket fire were becoming important. Skirmishes Sieges and sackings

Question 37

Impact of the Civil wars in 1642-51: Explain physical destruction

Answer 37

Free quarter Destruction in Scotland Devastation in Ireland

Question 38

Impact of the Civil wars in 1642-51 = physical destruction Explain free quarter

Answer 38

Local towns had to feed and house troops w/ no payment. Many soldiers were guilty of looting and pillaging. If communities resisted their properties could be destroyed and houses set on fire.

Question 39

What was the result of the free quarter in the Civil wars in 1642-51?

Answer 39

Clubmen were formed: | armed themselves and tried to keep both sides out of their areas.

Question 40

Impact of the Civil wars in 1642-51 = physical destruction Explain destruction in Scotland

Answer 40

Battle of Dunbar 1650: 3,000 Scottish troops killed Cromwell’s army ruthlessly stamped out support for the Royalists and caused much destruction in the process.

Question 41

Impact of the Civil wars in 1642-51 = physical destruction Explain devastation in Ireland

Answer 41

Royalists recruited many troops from Ireland for their forces. When Cromwell left troops to crush the Irish rebellion in 1649, the fighting and the measures imposed afterwards were brutal. Historians estimate 40% of the population of Ireland died in the war.

Question 42

Impact of the Civil wars in 1642-51 Explain Social and psychological impact

Answer 42

A country w/out a king was a terrifying prospect and the devastation of the Civil Wars only strengthened that belief. Censorship collapsed so new political and religious groups emerged. Parliament became official ruler of England in 1615 - heavy taxes and strict control so many longed the return for the monarchy.

Question 43

Impact of the Civil wars in 1642-51 What new political and religious group emerged?

Answer 43

Levellers argued for an equal society, including religious freedom. Diggers wanted to get rid of all forms of authority. Quakers who rejected the need for churches and any kind of religious authority. Many people found the emergence of these groups threatening so they were all banned.

Question 44

When were the Anglo-Scottish Wars?

Answer 44

1500-1746

Question 45

When was border warfare?

Answer 45

1500-1600

Question 46

What was border warfare split into?

Answer 46

Official warfare Unofficial warfare

Question 47

Border Warfare 1500-1600 What happened in Official warfare?

Answer 47

1513 - Henry VIII of England went to war against France (allied w/ Scotland). 1513 - James IV (King of Scotland) defeated in Battle of Flooded Field. 1542 - Scotland attacked England but English forces defeated them at Solway Moss. James V(New king of Scotland) died so nobles ran the kingdom. - divided over whether to ally with France or England. 1544 - When they showed signs of an alliance w/ France, Henry VIII sent an army to Southern Scotland, failed.

Question 48

Border Warfare 1500-1600 What were the impacts to official warfare?

Answer 48

Deliberate destruction from English army, destroyed: - 16 fortified towns - 243 villages England faced political, religious and financial problems when Henry VIII died. So warfare became less frequent.

Question 49

Border Warfare 1500-1600 Summarise the events to Unofficial warfare

Answer 49

English and Scottish remained suspicious. Border clans launched raids, stole cattle... Reiving became an excepted way of life.

Question 50

Border Warfare 1500-1600 Impacts of unofficial warfare

Answer 50

Records of the West March wardens in 1543 revealed that reivers destroyed 192 buildings, stole over 10,000 cows and 1,300 horses. Historian George Fraser researched the Elliots family who, over 10 years, made over 40 raids.

Question 51

Border Warfare 1500-1600 Explain the end of the reivers

Answer 51

When Elizabeth died in 1603, James VI of Scotland became James I of England. English and Scottish forces combined to have the same justice systems.

Question 52

Anglo-Scottish relations 1603-1707 When did border tensions and reivers end?

Answer 52

When James VI became James I of England. Main tensions became between England and Scotland

Question 53

Anglo-Scottish relations 1603-1707 What was the Bishop's war?

Answer 53

1639 James I's son Charles I tried to impose Anglican form of Protestantism on the Scots. Scots rebelled to preserve their Presbyterian Church.

Question 54

Anglo-Scottish relations 1603-1707 When was the first civil war? What happened?

Answer 54

1642-45 Scottish and parliament vs Charles

Question 55

Anglo-Scottish relations 1603-1707 What happened in the 2nd civil war?

Answer 55

Scottish and Charles vs parliament

Question 56

Anglo-Scottish relations 1603-1707 When was the third civil war?

Answer 56

1650-51

Question 57

Anglo-Scottish relations 1603-1707 When did Charles II become King of England and Scotland? What happened during his reign?

Answer 57

1660 Relations remained peaceful

Question 58

Anglo-Scottish relations 1603-1707 Who was Charles II's successor?

Answer 58

James Stuart A poor ruler who was then overthrown by English nobles when he tried to restore Catholicism.

Question 59

Anglo-Scottish relations 1603-1707 Who did the English nobles invited when they overthrew James Stuart?

Answer 59

His daughter Mary and her husband in 1688. - Jacobites were angered by this as they still thought James could be king.

Question 60

When were the Jacobite Wars??

Answer 60

1715-1745

Question 61

Who were Mary and her husband succeeded by?

Answer 61

Queen Anne

Question 62

Jacobite Wars 1715-1745 What happened when Queen Anne died in 1714?

Answer 62

She had no surviving children so the Act of Settlement was agreed.

Question 63

Jacobite Wars 1715-1745 What happened under the Act of Settlement in 1714?

Answer 63

Crown went to the Protestant Prince George of Hanover (Germany).

Question 64

Which out of the 2 rebellions in the JB wars was the most serious?

Answer 64

the 1745 Rebellion

Question 65

Describe the JB rebellion of 1715

Answer 65

JB Rebels supported James Stuart and were supported by France. Initial success as had taken control of a lot of Scotland but knew the English would recover and that they had little support from lowland Scotland.

Question 66

How did the British Government respond to the JB rebellion in 1715?

Answer 66

Didn’t see it as a major threat so showed leniency to the JB’s. BUT did build forts and 400km of roads to ensure government troops could move quickly to crush any further risings.

Question 67

Who led the 1745 JB rebellion?

Answer 67

Charles Stuart, son of James Stuart

Question 68

Why did Charles Stuart initiate the 1745 JB rebellion?

Answer 68

Britain at war w/ France so most army was away fighting. Charles saw the opportunity and landed in Scotland. He received a promise of French backing.

Question 69

Why did Charles Stuart have initial success in the 1745 JB rebellion?

Answer 69

Many clans supported him Marched south with 2,500 men Defeated small British force at Prestonpans to ensure control of Scotland.

Question 70

1745 JB Rebellion Why did Charles return back to Scotland after attempting to control England?

Answer 70

Only 300 English Catholics joined his army Received no extra help from France

Question 71

What was the overall outcome of the 1745 JB rebellion?

Answer 71

More Scots fought AGAINST Charles than FOR him.

Question 72

What happened at the Battle of Culloden in 1745?

Answer 72

Carlisle recaptured JB prisoners into dungeons Charles's 5,000 highlanders were defeated in 1hr by Cumberlands 9,000 strong army. Charles escaped and fled to France.

Question 73

What were the ST impacts of the JB wars?

Answer 73

Wounded JB killed. Hundreds of JB supporters hunted down & imprisoned. High-ranking JB leaders publicly executed at the Tower of London.

Question 74

What were the MT impacts of the JB wars?

Answer 74

British Government passed laws to demilitarise the Highland clans. i.e all swords had to be surrendered. Government ended right of Highland chieftains to make law in their domains.

Question 75

What were the LT impacts of the JB wars?

Answer 75

Loyal Scots to England effectively ruled Scotland. Highlanders joined British army and fought against France at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759.