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A+P > 2: Tissues > Flashcards

2: Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

4 different tissues

A

epithelia, connective, muscle, neural

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2
Q

epithelia tissue

A

covers exposed surfaces
lines internal passageways and chambers
produces glandular secretion
many layers of cells
classified according to number of cell layers and shape

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3
Q

key features in epithelial cells

A

cell junction - joins two cells
cilia - hair like structures on top
microvilli - smaller hair like structures to increase surface area
basement membrane - connects to basal surface
apical surface = top surface, may be open to outside world
mitochondria, nucleus, Golgi apparatus
no blood vessels

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4
Q

4 functions of epithelia

A

provide physical protection
control permeability
provide sensation
produce specialised secretions (exocrine secretions discharged onto surface, endocrine secretions released into surrounding tissue and blood)

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5
Q

cell junctions

A

tight junction = lipid layers of adjacent plasma membranes tightly bound by interlocking membrane proteins
gap junction = two cells held together by embedded membrane proteins

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6
Q

simple squamous

A

linings e.g. blood vessel
reduce friction, used for absorption and secretion
thin flattened cells = smooth surface
good for diffusion

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7
Q

stratified squamous

A

found where mechanical stresses are severe e.g. skin
physical protection from abrasion, pathogens, chemicals
more layers of cells for more protection

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8
Q

simple cuboidal

A

lining glands
secretion and absorption
large cells for organelle

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9
Q

stratified cuboidal

A

relatively rare
along ducts of sweat glands

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10
Q

simple columnar

A

protection, secretion, absorption
lines stomach and intestinal tract

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11
Q

stratified columnar

A

relatively rare
along portions of pharynx, epiglottis, anus
only top layer of cells columnar

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12
Q

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

A

appear layered but in fact all connect to the basement membrane
line nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi
move mucus with cilia

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13
Q

transitional epithelium

A

stratified epithelium that tolerates repeated cycles of stretching and recoiling
e.g. lining of uterus and bladder

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14
Q

exocrine glands

A

produced exocrine secretions through a duct onto a surface
classified as unicellular or multi-cellular
multi-cellular further classified by branching pattern of duct and it’s shape (tubular, coiled, branched, alveolar)

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15
Q

methods of secretion

A

merocrine = product released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis, most common method

apocrine = loss of both cytoplasm and the secretory product, outermost portion of cytoplasm becomes packed with secretory vesicles before shedding

holocrine = entire cell packed with secretory vesicles then bursts, releasing the secretion but killing the cell

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16
Q

types of secretion

A

serous glands = secrete watery solution containing enzymes
mucous glands = secrete mucins that form think slippery mucus
mixed glands = contain more than one type of gland cell

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17
Q

connective tissue

A

3 basic components: specialised cells, extracellular protein fibres and fluid known as ground substance
matrix = extracellular fibres and ground substance
never exposed to outside environment
highly vascular - many blood vessels

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18
Q

functions of connective tissue

A

support and protection
transportation of minerals
storage of energy reserves
defence of the body

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19
Q

3 major types of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper = tissue under skin, can be loose or dense
fluid connective tissues = blood and lymph
supporting connective tissues = cartilage and bone

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20
Q

connective tissue cells

A

fibroblasts = always present, produce connective tissue fibres and ground substance, fibrocytes maintain the connective fibres
macrophages = engulf damaged cells or pathogens
adipocytes = fat cells, large lipid droplet
mast cells = contain histamine and heparin, chemicals released to begin body’s defensive activities after injury or infection

21
Q

connective tissue fibres

A

formed by protein subunits secreted by fibroblasts
collagen fibres = long, straight, unbranched, strong but flexible, most common in connective tissue proper
elastic fibres = contain protein elastin, branched and wavy, return to original length after stretching
reticular fibres = thin, same protein subunits as collagen but arranged differently

22
Q

loose connective tissues

A

fill internal spaces
provide cushioning and support epithelia
anchor blood vessels and nerves
store lipids
can be areolar, adipose or reticular tissue

23
Q

areolar tissue

A

separates skin from deeper structures
padding, flexible
extensive blood supply

24
Q

adipose tissue

A

fat tissue - lots of adipocytes
paddings and shock absorption
insulation to slow heat loss, stores energy
common under the skin of the flanks, breasts and buttocks

25
Q

reticular tissue

A

reticular fibres from a complex 3D network
found around spleen and liver
supporting framework

26
Q

dense connective tissues

A

tough, strong, durable
resist tension and distortion
interconnect bones and muscles
mostly made of collagen fibres
two types: irregular and regular

27
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

collagen fibres parallel to each other, packed tightly
tendons and ligaments
stabilises bone positions
reduces friction between muscles

28
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

interwoven meshwork in no pattern
strengthens and supports areas subjected to stressed from many directions
covers bone and cartilage
forms thick fibrous layer (capsule) surrounding internal organs

29
Q

fluid connective tissues

A

blood and lymph contain distinctive collections of cells in a fluid matrix
watery matrix for blood is plasma
blood = RBC, WBC, plasma and platelets

30
Q

supporting connective tissues

A

cartilage and bone
provide supporting framework that supports rest of body

31
Q

cartilage

A

firm gel containing embedded fibres
chondrocytes are only cells within cartilage
they occupy small pockets known as lacunae
avascular
cartilage structures covered in perichondrium made up of an inner cellular layer and an outer fibrous layer
3 types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

32
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

most common
closely packed collagen fibres - makes it tough by somewhat flexible
connects ribs to sternum
supports conducting passageways of respiratory tract
covers opposing bone surfaces within joints

33
Q

elastic cartilage

A

elastic fibres - makes it resilient and flexible
external ear
epiglottis

34
Q

fibrocartilage

A

little ground substance
matrix dominated by collagen fibres - densely interwoven making it extremely durable and tough
pads of fibrocartilage between spine, pubic bones, around tendons to absorb shock and prevent bone to bone contact

35
Q

bone

A

matrix consists of mainly hard calcium compounds and flexible collagen fibres
strong and resistant to shattering
lacunae in the matrix contain bone cells (osteocytes)

36
Q

tissue membranes

A

tissue membrane = physical barrier that covers body surfaces
consists of epithelium supported by connective tissue

37
Q

mucous membranes

A

line passageways and chambers
epithelial surfaces kept moist either by mucus or by fluids
simple epithelia with absorptive or secretory functions
coated with secretions of mucous glands

38
Q

serous membranes

A

consists of simple epithelium supported by areolar tissue
reduce friction between opposing surfaces
friction reduced by watery serous fluid

39
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

the skin
stratified squamous epithelium and a layer of areolar tissue reinforced by underlying dense irregular connective tissue
thick, relatively waterproof

40
Q

synovial membranes

A

line joint capsules
primary areolar tissue and an incomplete layer of epithelial tissue

41
Q

muscle tissue

A

specialised for contraction
muscle cells contract due to interactions between filaments of the proteins myosin and actin

42
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

contains very large, multinucleated cells
skeletal muscle cell may be 100 micrometres in diameter and up to 1 ft long
actin and myosin filaments organised into repeating patterns that give the cells striated appearance
partially repair after injury
voluntary

43
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

found in the heart
striated
cardiac muscle cells smaller than a skeletal muscle fibre and have one nucleus
cells interconnected at intercalated discs
pacemaker cells regulate contraction
limited ability to repair
involuntary

44
Q

smooth muscle

A

walls of blood vessels and organs
smooth muscle cell is small and slender
actin and myosin filaments scattered throughout cytoplasm so nonstriated
regenerates after injury
contractions triggered by neural activity
involuntary

45
Q

nervous tissue

A

specialised for propagation (movement) of electrical impulses
98% nervous tissue in brain and spinal cord
neurons = have cell body containing large nucleus, numerous branching projections called dendrites and one projection called an axon
dendrites receive information and axons carry that info
neuroglia = supporting cells, maintain chemical composition of nervous tissue fluids, supply nutrients to neurons, defend the tissue from infection

46
Q

response to tissue injury: inflammation

A

area is isolated from neighbouring healthy tissue while damaged cells, tissues and microorganisms are cleaned up
swelling, heat, redness, pain
red and warm = dilated blood vessels cuased by mast cells
swelling = diffusion of blood plasma
pain = mast cells stimulate sensory nerve endings

47
Q

response to injury: regeneration

A

second phase following inflammation
damaged tissues replaced or repaired to restore normal function
fibroblasts produce dense network of collagen fibres known as scar tissue
epithelia, connective tissue (except cartilage) and smooth muscle tissue regenerate well

fibrosis = permanent replacement of normal tissue by fibrous tissue

48
Q

aging

A

speed and effectiveness of tissue repairs decrease
rate of energy consumption generally declines
hormonal alterations
alter structure and chemical composition of many tissues
epithelia get thinner and connective tissues more fragile
cancer rates increase

A+P (10 decks)

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