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A+P > 1: Levels of Organisation > Flashcards

1: Levels of Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

functions of living things

A

responsiveness
growth
reproduction
movement
metabolism

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2
Q

level of organisation

A

chemical level
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organisms

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3
Q

chemical level

A

atoms (hydrogen, carbon, oxygen etc.)
molecules (water, sugars, fatty acids etc.)

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4
Q

cells

A

cell is composed of many organelles
they are the smallest unit of life
they become specialised for different functions (differentiated) e.g. neuron, smooth muscle, fat cell

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5
Q

tissue

A

tissues are similar cells that combine to form a special function
epithelia = around outside, covers exposed surfaces, lines tissues passageways and chambers, produces glandular secretions
connective = fills internal spaces, provides structure and support
muscle = contracts to produce active movement
neural = conducts electrical impulses, transfers information around body

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6
Q

organs

A

a discrete collection of two or more tissues cooperatively performing a function

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7
Q

organ systems

A

interaction of organs

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8
Q

organism

A

all organ systems work together to maintain life and health
highest level of organisation

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9
Q

integumentary system

A

consists of: skin, hair nails

function: protection against environmental hazards, thermoregulation, sensory information

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10
Q

skeletal system

A

consists of: bones, joints

function: support, protects tissues, store minerals, forms blood cells

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11
Q

muscular system

A

consists of: muscles, tendons

function: movement, protection, support for tissues, produces heat

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12
Q

nervous system

A

consists of: peripheral nervous system (peripheral nerves) and central nervous system (brain, spinal cord)

function: control body’s processes through electrical impulses, directs immediate responses, provides and interprets sensory information

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13
Q

endocrine system

A

consists of: glands, pancreas, ovary, testes

function: directs long-term changes in activities of organ systems

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14
Q

cardiovascular system

A

consists of: heart, blood vessels, blood

function: transport cells and dissolved material (oxygen, nutrients, waste, CO2)

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15
Q

lymphatic system

A

consists of: lymphatic vessel, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes

function: defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

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16
Q

respiratory system

A

consists of: lungs, passageways

function: delivers air to lungs for gas exchange, produces sound of communication

17
Q

digestive system

A

consists of: muscular tubes from mouth to anus with many organs throughout

function: ingest and breakdown food into nutrients to absorb

18
Q

urinary system

A

consists of: bladder, urethra, kidney, ureter

function: excretes waste products, controls water balance by regulating amount of urine produced

19
Q

reproductive system

A

consists of: male and female reproductive organs

function: reproduce, produce sperm and hormones, produce eggs and hormones, support foetus

20
Q

anatomical postition

A

facing forward
feet together
hands by side
palms facing forward

21
Q

terminology

A

superior = towards head
inferior = towards feet
proximal = closest to torso
distal = further from trunk
lateral = to side of body
medial = towards midline of body

22
Q

terminology pt. 2

A

posterior (dorsal) = back
anterior (ventral) = front
cranial = towards head
caudal = towards feet
superficial = close to surface

frontal plane = separates front from back
sagittal plane = splits LHS from RHS
transverse plane = horizontal slice through the body

23
Q

cavities

A

cavity = closed, fluid filled spaces lined by a thin tissue layer called a serous membrane, vital organs suspended in the cavities

thoracic cavity = two pleural cavities (each surrounding a lung), a pericardial cavity (surrounds heart)

ventral cavity = thoracic, abdominal and pelvic organs

dorsal cavity = brain and spinal cord

24
Q

homeostasis

A

homeostasis = maintenance of a constant internal environment
regulation = adjustment in physiological systems that preserves homeostasis
receptors sensitive to change
control centres receive and process information
effectors respond to commands

25
Q

negative feedback

A

= a variation outside normal levels that triggers an automatic response

negative feedback maintains normal range not a fixed value

26
Q

positive feedback

A

= an initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that stimulus

e.g. blood clotting
damage to blood vessel releases chemicals to start clotting
chemicals start chain reactions to accelerate process

A+P (10 decks)

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