2 Thermal Physics Flashcards
Gases and the absolute scale of temperature (Pressure Law, Boyleβs Law (pv = constant), Charlesβ Law)
Describe qualitatively, in terms of particles, the
effect on the pressure of a fixed mass of gas of:
(a) a change of temperature at constant volume
(b) a change of volume at constant temperature
a) change of temperature - increase of temperature, increase of pressure
b) change of volume - increase of volume, decrease of pressure
In a flexible sealed container, the amount of gas molecules are fixed.
If we keep the temperature constant, the only way to increase pressure is to reduce volume.
π·βπ/π½ π€βππ π ππ ππππ π‘πππ‘
π·π½=ππππππππ
Formula: π·πVπ = π·πVπ
In a rigid sealed container, both the volume and amount of gas molecules are fixed.
The only way to increase the gas pressure is by increasing its temperature.
π·βπ» π€βππ π ππ ππππ π‘πππ‘
π·/π»=ππππππππ
i) Name the process by which thermal energy is transferred through a metal rod
ii) Describe how this process occurs
iii) observation: flame appears both above and below the gauze ;; observation: flame only appears below the gauze
How can these observations be explained? [4]
i) conduction
(ii) molecules at hot end vibrate more bc have more energy
energy/vibration transferred to neighbours/shared
iii) iron conducts heat slowly
gas hot enough to burn /
copper conducts heat rapidly
gas not hot enough to burn
Evaporation VERSUS boiling
Both processes involve the change of state from liquid to gas.
Boiling is rapid and takes place in the entire body of liquid.
Boiling only occurs at the boiling point.
Evaporation is slow and takes place only on the surface of liquid. Evaporation occurs at any temperature between the melting and boiling point.
What is latent heat? [2]
Latent heat = energy needed to change the state (gas, liquid, solid) of one kilogram of material
In Mark Scheme: βenergy required to change state with no change in temperatureβ
What is latent heat of fusion?
Define: Latent heat of fusion (melting)
Unit?
the amount of heat energy required to change a substance from a solid state to a liquid state at its melting point, without changing its temperature.
Mark Scheme: energy needed to change state of substance, to melt, per kg
J/kg
Latent heat of vaporisation? [2]
energy to change 1 kg from liquid to gas / gas to liquid (without changing its temperature)
The rate of heating is 2.0 kW.
Calculate how much energy is supplied to the substance during the period 18 β 22 minutes
Formula? kW multiplied by time = energy
Rate of heating (W) x time (s) = energy (J)
2000 x 240
480,000 J
The Gas Laws - Pressure & Volume (Constant Temperature)
If the temperature of a gas remains constant, the pressure of the gas changes when it isβ¦
- Compressed β decreases the volume which increases the pressure
- Expanded β increases the volume which decreases the pressure
A change in pressure can cause a change in volume
A _____ can be used to remove the air from a sealed container
Describe change in volume to a tied up balloon when the pressure of the air around it decreases:
vacuum pump //
At normal air pressure the balloon has a low volume [bell jar open to the surroundings]
As the pressure in the bell jar decreases, the volume of the balloon increases
[air removed from bell jar by vacuum pump]
Melting & Boiling
What are fixed points?
melting and boiling points of pure water at atmospheric pressure
Melts at 0, boils at 100
Convert temperatures between kelvin and degrees Celsius
Eqn to recall
;; a temperature at which the particles in a gas exert no pressure - at this temperature they must no longer be moving, and hence not colliding with their container
This temperature is called absolute zero and is equal to -273 Β°C!
T (in K) = ΞΈ (in Β°C) + 273
Celsius temp + 273 => Kelvin
Eqn for a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature,
including a graphical representation of this
relationship
pv = constant
Eqn recall for finding vol/pressure given necessary info
relationship between the pressure and volume for a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature
P1V1 = P2V2
STATE FORMULA WHEN USING in test
VOLUME => m3
Pressure (Pa)
kJ to J
1 Pa = 1 kg/m.s^2
1 kPa = ___ kg/m.s^2
x 1,000
1 Pa = 1 kg x m-1 x s-2
1 kPa = 1,000 kg/m.s^2
Specific latent heat eqn
E = mL.
where E is the energy in joules (J), m is the mass in kilograms (kg), and L is the specific latent heat in joules per kilogram (J/kg).
Properties of Solids, Liquids & Gases
Solids
Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume
Solids cannot flow and are not compressible
Liquids
Liquids have no definite shape but do have a definite volume
Liquids are able to flow to take the shape of a container but they are not compressible
Gases
Gases have no definite shape and no fixed volume
Gases can flow to take the shape of their container and are highly compressible
Changes of State
When a substance changes state, the number of molecules in that substance _____ change and so neither does its mass
The only thing that changes is its _____
Changes of state are physical changes and so they are _____
DOESNβT change
ENERGY
REVERSIBLE
Arrangement & Motion of Particles
Solids
The molecules are very close together and arranged in a regular pattern
The molecules vibrate about fixed positions, high density
Liquids
& Gases
The molecules are still close together (not reg)
The molecules are able to slide past each other, medium density
The molecules are widely separated - about 10 times further apart in each direction
The molecules move about randomly at high speeds, low density
Intermolecular Forces and Motion of Particles
Solids
The molecules in a solid are held in place by strong intermolecular forces
They only vibrate in position
The distance between them is fixed
This gives the solid its rigid shape and fixed volume
Liquids
The molecules in a liquid have enough energy to overcome the forces between them
They are still held close together
The volume of the liquid is the same as the volume of the solid
Molecules can move around (by sliding past each other)
This allows the liquid to change shape and flow
Gases
The molecules in a gas have more energy and move randomly at high speeds
The molecules have overcome the forces holding them close together
Because of the large spaces between the molecules
The gas can easily be compressed and is also able to expand
Gases flow freely