2. The Vine Growth Cycle

Question 1

Northern Hemisphere Dormancy months

Answer 1

November to March

Question 2

Northern Hemisphere Budburst months

Answer 2

February to end of April

Question 3

Northern Hemisphere Shoot and leaf growth months

Answer 3

February to end of July

Question 4

Northern Hemisphere Flowering and fruit set months

Answer 4

May to June

Question 5

Northern Hemisphere Grape development months

Answer 5

June to October

Question 6

Northern Hemisphere Harvest months

Answer 6

September to October

Question 7

Southern Hemisphere Dormancy months

Answer 7

May to September

Question 8

Southern Hemisphere Busburst months

Answer 8

August to October

Question 9

Southern Hemisphere Shoot and Leaf Growth months

Answer 9

August to January

Question 10

Southern Hemisphere Flowering and fruit set months

Answer 10

November to December

Question 11

Southern Hemisphere Grape Development months

Answer 11

December to April

Question 12

Southern Hemisphere **harvest ** months

Answer 12

March and April

Question 13

What is the aim of the wine grower?
How does he manipulate the vine ?

Answer 13

To produce the largest as possible crop with the suitable ripeness and quality of the grape to the style of wine desired.

Adequating the ripeness of sugars, acids, tannins and aromas/flavours according too the desired style of wine.

Providing it with the adequate water, sunlight and warmth for photosynthesis, all variables that can be manipulated with the exception of the Carbon Dioxide levels required for photosynthesis.

Question 14

What is the aim of the vine plant?

Answer 14

To compete with other plants climbing up the woodland, reach the sunshine and produce the more attractive and palatable grapes as possible in order they could be eaten by the birds and disseminate its seeds.

All these actions with limited resources: water, sunlight and warmth for photosynthesis

Question 15

Why warmths is important for which other essential reaction?

Answer 15

The respiration

Question 16

What is the respiration?

Answer 16

The process in which energy is released from food substances, in this case, sugar.

Question 17

Dormancy
Environmental first requirement
Adverse conditions

Answer 17

Temperatures below the 10 C
. Extremely cold temperatures
. Unusually mild temperatures

Question 18

When does typically the dormancy starts?
Until it has grown new leaves, how does the vine sustains itself?

Answer 18

. At the leaves fall
. By using stores of carbohydrates (mostly starch) accumulated during the previous growing season in roots, trunks and branches.

Question 19

What does happen with the vines at extremely low temperatures? Name some cases.

Answer 19

These temperatures can be found in Canada, New York State and Chine, where then-erasure can go down the - 20 C. Beyond the -25 C most of Vitis viniera will die.

Question 20

What is the budburst?

Answer 20

Also called budbreak us the process where the buds swell and open emerging green shoots

Question 21

Budburst
What does the vine need to start the bud burst?
Which are the adverse conditions that it can face?

Answer 21

. Average air and soil temperature above the 10 C
. Frost and cold soils

Question 22

Which are the factors that can condition the budburst?

Answer 22

. Air temperature
. Soil temperature
. Grape variety
. Human factors

Question 23

Air temperature as a condition to budburst
When do the compound buds form and begin to develop?
Which are the temperature requirements for budburst?

Answer 23

. In the previous growing season
. Average air temperature overt the 10 C

Question 24

Air temperature as a condition to budburst
Which are the climatic regions that can be advantageous for the budburst and why?
Which are the positive consequences of an uniform budburst?
Which the last advantageous?

Answer 24

. Those regions with continental climate and marked differences in temperature between seasons. In these regions the rapidly increases of the temperature means the bus burst can be relatively uniform.
. Homogeneity in the later stages in the growing season, leading to a crop of grapes with even ripeness
. Those with less contrast between winter and spring temperature. Unusually mild days can promote early bud burst. Cold and frosty days can harm the buds.

Question 25

**Soil temperature as a condition to budburst** Which soils will warm up more quickly and then encourage budburst? Which the opposite?

Answer 25

Dry, free draining ones, and sandy soils. Clay rich soils, specially in cool climates

Question 26

**Grape variety as a condition to budburst** Which is the average temperature for bud burst? Give two examples of grape varieties around that figure. Examples of early budding varieties

Answer 26

10C Merlot slightly lower Ugni blanc slightly over **Early budding**: Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Merlot and Grenache **Late budding** Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah

Question 27

**Human factor as a condition to budburst** How can it influence ?

Answer 27

Some practices as delay the winter pruning could lead to a late bud burst in order to avoid spring frosts

Question 28

When does. the **Shoot and Leaf Growth**occurs? What does the vine needs at the stage? Whic could be considered as **adverse conditions** for this stage?

Answer 28

Northern hemisphere: March - July Southern Hemisphere : September - January **What does it need?** . Stored carbohydrates . Warmth, Sunlight, nutrients and water **Adverse conditions** . Low carbohydrates levels (bad conditions in the previous growing season) . Water stress

Question 29

When does the fastest rate of growth occur? Is it uniform?

Answer 29

Between bud burst and flowering No. The speed of shoot growth can vary between vines and also within different part of the same vine.

Question 30

How can be considered a plant with growths long shoots, large leaves and lots of lateral shoots? The vigor of the plant will depend upon which factors ?

Answer 30

A **vigorous vine** Will depend upon: . Temperature . Water . Nutrients . Diseases

Question 31

Which element will support the initial shoot growth?

Answer 31

Carbohydrates

Question 32

Which grape growing choice is closely related to the plant vigour?

Answer 32

. The green pruning . Canopy management

Question 33

What does the vine need during the stage of **shoot and leaf growth**?

Answer 33

. Stored carbohydrates . Warmth, sunlight, nutrients and water

Question 34

Which are the possible **adverse conditions** that the vine can suffer during the **shoot and leaf growth stage**?

Answer 34

. Low carbohydrate levels (caused by conditions in the previous growing season) . Water stress

Question 35

When does occur the fastest rate of growth?

Answer 35

Between budburst and flowering

Question 36

Can the speed of shot grow vary amongst the different parts of the plant?

Answer 36

Yes

Question 37

How could we describe the **vigour**?

Answer 37

It is the vegetative vine growth, which includes the growth of the shoots, leaves and lateral shoots and had implications on the yield and ripening of the grapes

Question 38

What does the vigor of a plant depends on?

Answer 38

. natural resources available (temperature, water and nutrients) . planting material (grape variety, clone and rootstock) . Presence of any disease

Question 39

What does support the initial shoot growth?

Answer 39

The carbohydrates stored in roots, trunks and brunches

Question 40

Which could be the causes why the carbohydrates storage in low?

Answer 40

Due to excessive, lead removal, water stress, mildew infections, excessively high yields on the previous growing season

Question 41

Until flowering starts, where does go most of the vine`s energy?

Answer 41

The shoot growing

Question 42

Which are the three basic nutrients that the vine needs during its growth?

Answer 42

Nitrogen Potassium Phosphorous

Question 43

While the first growing period of the vine and apart from nutrients, which other element is of critical importance? What could the lack of this element provoque ?

Answer 43

Water Limit photosynthesis and shoot growth

Question 44

Stunted shot growth can lead to poor quality and lowers yields. Which are the consequences at level of the plant of the stunted shoot growth?

Answer 44

. Small shoots . Weak shoots . reduction in leaf number . smaller leaves . inflorescences that do not flower properly . grape bunches that do not ripen fully.

Question 45

What does the fine need during the **Flowering and Fruit Set**?

Answer 45

. Warm temperatures (minimum 17 C) . Sunlight, warmth, water and nutrients for buds fruitfulness in the next growing season

Question 46

Which conditions could be considered as adverse during the **Flowering and Fruit Set**?

Answer 46

. Rainy . Cloudy . Windy . Cold temperatures

Question 47

What is the bud activity during the **Flowering and Fruit Set**?

Answer 47

. New buds develop at the base of petioles on new growing shoots. . Prompt buds will burst and produce lateral shoots . Compound buds will remain dormant until the following spring

Question 48

Which factors could condition the bud fruitfullness?

Answer 48

. Shading of compound buds . Too low temperatures (under 25C) . Water stress . Nutrient deficiency

Question 49

What is **bud fruitfulness**?

Answer 49

The number of inflorescences that will develop from a bud

Question 50

Why, talking about fruitfulness, riesling is well suited to cool climates?

Answer 50

Since is able to form potentially fruitful buds ate relatively low temperature

Question 51

What most influence yield and quality of the grapes the current growing season?

Answer 51

Flowering and fruit set

Question 52

How can we describe **flowering**?

Answer 52

a. It is the opening of the individual flowers within an inflorescence. b. During the flowering the pollen-laden stamens (consistent in anther and filament) are exposed

Question 52

What is the **fruit set**?

Answer 52

The moment when the walls of the very transform in skin and pulp of the berry **Fruit set is the passage from flower to grape

Question 53

What is the **pollinization**?

Answer 53

a. The process when the pollen grains are shed and land on te moistened stigma surface. b. Here they germinate, producing a pollen tube, tubes that penetrate the stigma and the ovule. c. The pollen tube delivers sperm cells that fertilize the eggs in the ovule. d. This leads to the berry formation. Fertilized ovules give seeds up to 4 per grape

Question 53

Which temperatures does the fruit set requires?

Answer 53

Between 26-32 C

Question 54

How many flowers finish by fruit setting?

Answer 54

From zero to 60% Usually 30 %

Question 55

What are the common forms of irregular fruit set?

Answer 55

. Coulure . Millerandage

Question 56

What is the **coulure**?

Answer 56

A grape bunch in which the fruit set has failed form a Hugh proportion of flowers.

Question 57

When does the **coulure** occur?

Answer 57

When ovule fertilization is unsuccessful and no grape develops from that flower.

Question 58

Which is the main cause of **coulure**?

Answer 58

Imbalance in **carbohydrate levels** due to low rates of photosynthesis

Question 59

What could cause low rates of photosynthesis?

Answer 59

. Cold . Cloudy conditions . Hot . Arid conditions . High Water stress