2. The Vine Growth Cycle Flashcards
Northern Hemisphere Dormancy months
November to March
Northern Hemisphere Budburst months
February to end of April
Northern Hemisphere Shoot and leaf growth months
February to end of July
Northern Hemisphere Flowering and fruit set months
May to June
Northern Hemisphere Grape development months
June to October
Northern Hemisphere Harvest months
September to October
Southern Hemisphere Dormancy months
May to September
Southern Hemisphere Busburst months
August to October
Southern Hemisphere Shoot and Leaf Growth months
August to January
Southern Hemisphere Flowering and fruit set months
November to December
Southern Hemisphere Grape Development months
December to April
Southern Hemisphere **harvest ** months
March and April
What is the aim of the wine grower?
How does he manipulate the vine ?
To produce the largest as possible crop with the suitable ripeness and quality of the grape to the style of wine desired.
Adequating the ripeness of sugars, acids, tannins and aromas/flavours according too the desired style of wine.
Providing it with the adequate water, sunlight and warmth for photosynthesis, all variables that can be manipulated with the exception of the Carbon Dioxide levels required for photosynthesis.
What is the aim of the vine plant?
To compete with other plants climbing up the woodland, reach the sunshine and produce the more attractive and palatable grapes as possible in order they could be eaten by the birds and disseminate its seeds.
All these actions with limited resources: water, sunlight and warmth for photosynthesis
Why warmths is important for which other essential reaction?
The respiration
What is the respiration?
The process in which energy is released from food substances, in this case, sugar.
Dormancy
Environmental first requirement
Adverse conditions
Temperatures below the 10 C
. Extremely cold temperatures
. Unusually mild temperatures
When does typically the dormancy starts?
Until it has grown new leaves, how does the vine sustains itself?
. At the leaves fall
. By using stores of carbohydrates (mostly starch) accumulated during the previous growing season in roots, trunks and branches.
What does happen with the vines at extremely low temperatures? Name some cases.
These temperatures can be found in Canada, New York State and Chine, where then-erasure can go down the - 20 C. Beyond the -25 C most of Vitis viniera will die.
What is the budburst?
Also called budbreak us the process where the buds swell and open emerging green shoots
Budburst
What does the vine need to start the bud burst?
Which are the adverse conditions that it can face?
. Average air and soil temperature above the 10 C
. Frost and cold soils
Which are the factors that can condition the budburst?
. Air temperature
. Soil temperature
. Grape variety
. Human factors
Air temperature as a condition to budburst
When do the compound buds form and begin to develop?
Which are the temperature requirements for budburst?
. In the previous growing season
. Average air temperature overt the 10 C
Air temperature as a condition to budburst
Which are the climatic regions that can be advantageous for the budburst and why?
Which are the positive consequences of an uniform budburst?
Which the last advantageous?
. Those regions with continental climate and marked differences in temperature between seasons. In these regions the rapidly increases of the temperature means the bus burst can be relatively uniform.
. Homogeneity in the later stages in the growing season, leading to a crop of grapes with even ripeness
. Those with less contrast between winter and spring temperature. Unusually mild days can promote early bud burst. Cold and frosty days can harm the buds.
Soil temperature as a condition to budburst
Which soils will warm up more quickly and then encourage budburst?
Which the opposite?
Dry, free draining ones, and sandy soils.
Clay rich soils, specially in cool climates
Grape variety as a condition to budburst
Which is the average temperature for bud burst?
Give two examples of grape varieties around that figure.
Examples of early budding varieties
10C
Merlot slightly lower
Ugni blanc slightly over
Early budding: Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Merlot and Grenache
Late budding Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah
Human factor as a condition to budburst
How can it influence ?
Some practices as delay the winter pruning could lead to a late bud burst in order to avoid spring frosts
When does. the Shoot and Leaf Growthoccurs?
What does the vine needs at the stage?
Whic could be considered as adverse conditions for this stage?
Northern hemisphere: March - July
Southern Hemisphere : September - January
What does it need?
. Stored carbohydrates
. Warmth, Sunlight, nutrients and water
Adverse conditions
. Low carbohydrates levels (bad conditions in the previous growing season)
. Water stress
When does the fastest rate of growth occur?
Is it uniform?
Between bud burst and flowering
No. The speed of shoot growth can vary between vines and also within different part of the same vine.
How can be considered a plant with growths long shoots, large leaves and lots of lateral shoots?
The vigor of the plant will depend upon which factors ?
A vigorous vine
Will depend upon:
. Temperature
. Water
. Nutrients
. Diseases
Which element will support the initial shoot growth?
Carbohydrates
Which grape growing choice is closely related to the plant vigour?
. The green pruning
. Canopy management
What does the vine need during the stage of shoot and leaf growth?
. Stored carbohydrates
. Warmth, sunlight, nutrients and water
Which are the possible adverse conditions that the vine can suffer during the shoot and leaf growth stage?
. Low carbohydrate levels (caused by conditions in the previous growing season)
. Water stress
When does occur the fastest rate of growth?
Between budburst and flowering
Can the speed of shot grow vary amongst the different parts of the plant?
Yes
How could we describe the vigour?
It is the vegetative vine growth, which includes the growth of the shoots, leaves and lateral shoots and had implications on the yield and ripening of the grapes
What does the vigor of a plant depends on?
. natural resources available (temperature, water and nutrients)
. planting material (grape variety, clone and rootstock)
. Presence of any disease
What does support the initial shoot growth?
The carbohydrates stored in roots, trunks and brunches
Which could be the causes why the carbohydrates storage in low?
Due to excessive, lead removal, water stress, mildew infections, excessively high yields on the previous growing season
Until flowering starts, where does go most of the vine`s energy?
The shoot growing
Which are the three basic nutrients that the vine needs during its growth?
Nitrogen
Potassium
Phosphorous
While the first growing period of the vine and apart from nutrients, which other element is of critical importance?
What could the lack of this element provoque ?
Water
Limit photosynthesis and shoot growth
Stunted shot growth can lead to poor quality and lowers yields.
Which are the consequences at level of the plant of the stunted shoot growth?
. Small shoots
. Weak shoots
. reduction in leaf number
. smaller leaves
. inflorescences that do not flower properly
. grape bunches that do not ripen fully.
What does the fine need during the Flowering and Fruit Set?
. Warm temperatures (minimum 17 C)
. Sunlight, warmth, water and nutrients for buds fruitfulness in the next growing season
Which conditions could be considered as adverse during the Flowering and Fruit Set?
. Rainy
. Cloudy
. Windy
. Cold temperatures
What is the bud activity during the Flowering and Fruit Set?
. New buds develop at the base of petioles on new growing shoots.
. Prompt buds will burst and produce lateral shoots
. Compound buds will remain dormant until the following spring
Which factors could condition the bud fruitfullness?
. Shading of compound buds
. Too low temperatures (under 25C)
. Water stress
. Nutrient deficiency
What is bud fruitfulness?
The number of inflorescences that will develop from a bud
Why, talking about fruitfulness, riesling is well suited to cool climates?
Since is able to form potentially fruitful buds ate relatively low temperature
What most influence yield and quality of the grapes the current growing season?
Flowering and fruit set
How can we describe flowering?
a. It is the opening of the individual flowers within an inflorescence.
b. During the flowering the pollen-laden stamens (consistent in anther and filament) are exposed
What is the fruit set?
The moment when the walls of the very transform in skin and pulp of the berry
**Fruit set is the passage from flower to grape
What is the pollinization?
a. The process when the pollen grains are shed and land on te moistened stigma surface.
b. Here they germinate, producing a pollen tube, tubes that penetrate the stigma and the ovule.
c. The pollen tube delivers sperm cells that fertilize the eggs in the ovule.
d. This leads to the berry formation. Fertilized ovules give seeds up to 4 per grape
Which temperatures does the fruit set requires?
Between 26-32 C
How many flowers finish by fruit setting?
From zero to 60%
Usually 30 %
What are the common forms of irregular fruit set?
. Coulure
. Millerandage
What is the coulure?
A grape bunch in which the fruit set has failed form a Hugh proportion of flowers.
When does the coulure occur?
When ovule fertilization is unsuccessful and no grape develops from that flower.
Which is the main cause of coulure?
Imbalance in carbohydrate levels due to low rates of photosynthesis
What could cause low rates of photosynthesis?
. Cold
. Cloudy conditions
. Hot
. Arid conditions
. High Water stress
