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anatomy and physiology > 2 - the skeletal system > Flashcards

2 - the skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the types of skeleton can be divided to?

A

the axial and appendicular skeletom

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2
Q

what are the five major functions of the skeleton system?

A

support

storage of minerals

productio of blood cells

protection

leverage

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3
Q

what are the functions of the skeleton system rely on?

A

the properties of bone tissue

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4
Q

what are the main six types of the bone can split into?

A

flat

long

irregular

sutural

short

sesamoid

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5
Q

where are the flat bone found?

A

frontal the forhead

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6
Q

where are the long bone found?

A

femur which is the thigh

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7
Q

where the irregular bone found?

A

vertebra which is in the lower spindle

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8
Q

where dose sutural bone found?

A

on the right side of the head

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9
Q

where dose short bone found?

A

caepal which is just above the hand

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10
Q

where dose sesamoid bone found?

A

patella which is between the joins

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11
Q

how many bone dose the axial skeleton have?

A

80 bones

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12
Q

what are the bones the axial skeleton is made up of?

A

skull and associated bone

vertebral column

thoracic cage

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13
Q

what dose the axial skeleton provides?

A

support and protection

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14
Q

what are the organs that the axial skeleton provides support and protection?

A

brain

spindle cord

organs of the upper body

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15
Q

what also dose the axial skeleton provides?

A

a large framwork for muscle attachments

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16
Q

how many bones dose the vartebral column consists?

A

26 bones

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17
Q

what consists the 26 bones in total of the verterbral column?

A

24 bones of vertebrae

1 sacrum

1 coccyx

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18
Q

what dose the vertebrane are split into?

A

7 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumber

1 sacral

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19
Q

which types of azial skeleton is not straight and consists of four curves?

A

the vertebral column

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20
Q

what age dose the curves of vertebral columnare fully developed

A

10 years of age

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21
Q

why dose the curves are designed for?

A

to effeciently transmit weight through the upper body to the hips

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22
Q

what is not uniform through out the spine?

A

the vertebrae

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23
Q

which axial skeleton have different regtion to aid in the functioning?

A

the spine

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24
Q

by increasing vertebral body as moving down, the spine due to increased what?

A

the weight for support

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25
Q

how many ribs dose the ribcage consists?

A

12 pairs

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26
Q

what are the first 7 ribs pairs called?

A

the true ribs

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27
Q

why dose the firt 7 pairs are called the true ribs?

A

becasuse they are connected to the sternum via cartilage

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28
Q

what are the 8-12 ribs paiers called?

A

the false ribs

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29
Q

why dose the 8-12 ribs pairs called the false ribs?

A

becacuse they do not directly attached to the sternum

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30
Q

when dose a joint formes?

A

when two bones are interconnected and usually involve ligaments

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31
Q

what dose each joint compromise?

A

between mobility and strength

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32
Q

examples of joints?

A

vertebrae

shoulder

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33
Q

which joint is strong and immobile?

A

vertebrae

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34
Q

which joint is weak by hyper mobile?

A

shoulder

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35
Q

which type of jpont are freely moving?

A

synovial

36
Q

what dose the synovial joint surrounded by?

A

articular capsule and synovial membranes

37
Q

what dose the joint space is filled with?

A

synovial fluid

38
Q

the end of the bone are covered by?

A

in articular cartilage

39
Q

what are the three benefits dose the synovial fluid has to the joint?

A

lubrication

nutrient distribution for the cells of the cartilage

shock absorption

40
Q

when the skeleton begins to form?

A

at 6 week of fertilisation

41
Q

what is ossification?

A

is the process of replacing other tissues with bone

42
Q

examples of ossification?

A

endochondral

interamembranous

43
Q

endochondral cartilage to?

A

bone

44
Q

intermembranous bone forms?

A

directly from mesenchyme of connective tissue

45
Q

as cartilage enlarges, what increase in size?

A

central chondrocytes

46
Q

as the central chondrocytes increases in size, what expnad and reduced

A

lacunae expand and matrix is reduced

47
Q

which bone is without nutrient supply and surrounded by calcified cartilage and die?

A

chondrocytes

48
Q

blood vessels grow into what?

A

perichondrium and cells differentiating into osteoblasts

49
Q

in bone develooment, osteoblasts produces?

A

bone around the shaft of the cartilage

50
Q

periosteum is?

A

the membrane of blood vessels and nerves that warps around most of the bone

51
Q

when blood supply go to the periosteum what happenes?

A

periosteum increases and vessels migrates into the centre

52
Q

when dose migrating fibroblasts develop into osteoblasts?

A

when the calcified cartilage matrix is broken down

53
Q

what occurs in the primary ossification centre?

A

when the bone is placed in the spaces left by cartilage

54
Q

as the bone enlafges, osteoclasts appear and erode for the centre and cteate what?

A

creates the medullary cavity

55
Q

when capillaries entre the epiphyses ,creating what?

A

secoundary ossification centres

56
Q

in secondary ossification centres the bone continue to?

A

gtow in length and dimeter

57
Q

the growing cartilage at the epiphyseal plate adds what?

A

length

58
Q

what fill with spongy bone?

A

the epiphyses

59
Q

when the osteoblasts on the shaft side continuously removing what?

A

the epiphyseal plate cartilage

60
Q

what layes down on the epiphyseal side

A

the chondrocytes

61
Q

what drive osteoblast production to outpace the chondrocytes and the epiphyseal plate disappears

A

purberty hormones

62
Q

the superficial layers of bone surrounded by?

A

new bone forming the ring like arrangements

63
Q

when osteoblasts surrounded by bone they become?

A

osteocytes

64
Q

while new bone is being added on the surface, old bone is what?

A

being removed from the centre

65
Q

bone is constantly being broken down from what?

A

the medullaty cavity side of the compact bone

66
Q

bone is equally being desposited by what?

A

osteoblasts on the outside of the compact bone

67
Q

what is highly vascular?

A

bone tissue

68
Q

a typical bone has three major sets of blood vessels which are?

A

nutrient artery and vein

metaphyseal vessels

periosteal vessels

69
Q

the organic and mineral components of bone is continuously?

A

being recycled

70
Q

the turnover rate is what?

A

high

71
Q

through remodelling, older mineral desposit gey removed and relased into what

A

the circulation

72
Q

the circulating minerals are being desposited to increase what?

A

strength

73
Q

what is hematopoietic stem cell?

A

an immature cell that can develop into all types of blood cells inculding white and red blood cell and platelets

74
Q

what is mesenchymal stem cell?

A

is stromal cells that have the ability to self-renew and exhibit multilineage differentiation

75
Q

what is osteoid?

A

is a benign (noncancerous) bone tumor that usually develops in the long bones of the body such as the femur (thighbone) and the tibia (shinbone)

76
Q

what percentage of calcium dose the bone tissue contain?

A

about 39%

77
Q

whcih element is essential to the and highly regulated?

A

calcium

78
Q

low calcium conentration in the blood is deteced by what?

A

the parathyroid glands which release PTH

79
Q

what are the three effects that the parathyroid hormone has?

A

stimulates osteoclast and osteocyte activity

increases calcium absorption from the intestines

decreases calcium excretion rate via the kidneys

80
Q

what has the opposite effect of the parathyroid hormone?

A

calcitonin

81
Q

what only binds to osteoblasts?

A

PTH (parathyorid hoemone)

82
Q

PTH leads to production of RANKL and inhibit the relase of what?

A

osteoprotegerine

83
Q

osteoprotegerin usually bind from what?

A

RANKL

84
Q

why the free RANKL binds to osteoclast?

A

precurors enabiling activity

85
Q

what stage in life the bone development still hasn’t finished and can have a high percentage of cartilage?

A

at birth

86
Q

at birth joints are more?

A

flexible than adults

87
Q

by having more flexible joint at birth can lead to what?

A

pathologies

anatomy and physiology (5 decks)

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