2. The kingdom of Italy 1861-70

Question 1

the politicians

1. after Cavours death in 1861

Answer 1

1. none of PMS charismatic/had leadership qualities of heroes of risorgimento
   most remained in power for short time only

Question 2

the politicians

2. Lugini Farani - when PM and why was he removed from office

Answer 2

2. December 1862-March 1863 (only for 3 months)

tried to stab king

Question 3

The politicians

3. why was Urbano Rattazzi forced to resign

Answer 3

became involved in Garibaldis failed attacks on Rome in 1862 and 1867

Question 4

Piedmontes dominance

1. Constitutional monarchy - what constitution based on? who was the king?

Answer 4

1. constitution was based on Statuto of 1848

King of Piedmont who became Italys King VE II

Question 5

Piedmontes dominance

2. how was the piedmontese system extended over the whole peninsula

Answer 5

2. reigonal govs forced to accept piedmontese system of local administration
   local prefects appointed by monarchs
   local mayors answerable to prefect rather than the electorate

Question 6

Piedmontes dominance

3. what is a prefect

Answer 6

Apointee mostly from Piedmont who had wide spread administrative powers e.g. over law and order, press censorship

Question 7

Piedmontes dominance

4. what happened to the various legal codes of individual states

Answer 7

4. formed into a single criminal code based on Piedmont (everywhere but Tuscany)

Question 8

Piedmontes dominance

5. What was the army like

Answer 8

5. unified italian army formed out of old italian armies however majority of officers from Piedmont (piedmont in charge)

Question 9

Piedmontes dominance

6. what happened to Piedmonts debts e.g. from crimean war and war of 1859

Answer 9

6. became Italys debts

Question 10

Piedmontese dominance

7. what was the electorate like

Answer 10

7. only those who were literate, paid taxes and were over age of 25 could vote
   1870 electorate 2% of Italy’s population (mostly living in north)
   UNREPRESENTATIVE OF THE MASS OF THE PEOPLE

Question 11

what is piedmontisation

Answer 11

the forcing of the rest of Italy to adopt the laws and customs of Piedmont

Question 12

problem of the papacy

1. when was Syllabus or Errors published

Answer 12

1864

Question 13

problem of papacy

2. what did syllabus of errors condemn

Answer 13

2. progress, liberalism, modern civilisation

Question 14

problem of papacy

3. when did pope release doctrine of papal infallibility

Answer 14

3. July 1870

Question 15

problem of papacy

4. what did doctrine of papal infallibility state

Answer 15

popes spiritual judgement on matters of faith and morals could not be challenged (supreme judge of the truth)

Question 16

problem of papacy

5. after Rome was taken over how did Pope react

Answer 16

5. retire to palace in Vatican describing himself as ‘prisoner’
   excommunicated VE and entire italian gov

Question 17

Economic problems

1. how were north and south different

Answer 17

north = semi-industrialised, advanced 
south = poor, agriculturally based, backward

Question 18

Economic problems

2. why was there less land available in south for peasants

Answer 18

2. new gov allowed small number of great landowners in south to enclose land to add to their states (known as latifundia)
   = no common land, peasants could not feed themselves

Question 19

Economic problems

3. gov introduced higher taxation to balance budget which meant

Answer 19

quality of life of peasants fell even lower for peasants

Question 20

Economic problems

4. conscription in 1861 resulted in

Answer 20

25,000 taking for hills of naples and sicily

Question 21

Economic problems

5. why was conscription an issue for peasants

Answer 21

men needed on farms

Question 22

Civil war

1. how many people killed

Answer 22

1. more than in the revs and the wars of unification period

Question 23

Civil war

2. why was it called the brigands war (by the gov)

Answer 23

2. emphasise the lawlesness of the situation and playing down political origins

Question 24

Civil war

3. why did civil war break out

Answer 24

law and order in naples and sicily broke down

rural discontent -> rev -> war

Question 25

Civil war

4. how long did it last

Answer 25

. 1861-1865

Question 26

Government reactions

1. example of north treating south as inferior species

Answer 26

August 1861 Genral orders men to shoot everyone they see in Pontelandolfo (as a result of the loss of 41 comrades)

Question 27

The standard of living (fell for all social classes)

1. when Venetia added gov total spending exceeded income by

Answer 27

60%

Question 28

The standard of living

2. increase taxes fell mostly on

Answer 28

2. peasants = forced to move to towns