2. The kingdom of Italy 1861-70 Flashcards
the politicians
1. after Cavours death in 1861
- none of PMS charismatic/had leadership qualities of heroes of risorgimento
most remained in power for short time only
the politicians
2. Lugini Farani - when PM and why was he removed from office
- December 1862-March 1863 (only for 3 months)
tried to stab king
The politicians
3. why was Urbano Rattazzi forced to resign
became involved in Garibaldis failed attacks on Rome in 1862 and 1867
Piedmontes dominance
1. Constitutional monarchy - what constitution based on? who was the king?
- constitution was based on Statuto of 1848
King of Piedmont who became Italys King VE II
Piedmontes dominance
2. how was the piedmontese system extended over the whole peninsula
- reigonal govs forced to accept piedmontese system of local administration
local prefects appointed by monarchs
local mayors answerable to prefect rather than the electorate
Piedmontes dominance
3. what is a prefect
Apointee mostly from Piedmont who had wide spread administrative powers e.g. over law and order, press censorship
Piedmontes dominance
4. what happened to the various legal codes of individual states
- formed into a single criminal code based on Piedmont (everywhere but Tuscany)
Piedmontes dominance
5. What was the army like
- unified italian army formed out of old italian armies however majority of officers from Piedmont (piedmont in charge)
Piedmontes dominance
6. what happened to Piedmonts debts e.g. from crimean war and war of 1859
- became Italys debts
Piedmontese dominance
7. what was the electorate like
- only those who were literate, paid taxes and were over age of 25 could vote
1870 electorate 2% of Italy’s population (mostly living in north)
UNREPRESENTATIVE OF THE MASS OF THE PEOPLE
what is piedmontisation
the forcing of the rest of Italy to adopt the laws and customs of Piedmont
problem of the papacy
1. when was Syllabus or Errors published
1864
problem of papacy
2. what did syllabus of errors condemn
- progress, liberalism, modern civilisation
problem of papacy
3. when did pope release doctrine of papal infallibility
- July 1870
problem of papacy
4. what did doctrine of papal infallibility state
popes spiritual judgement on matters of faith and morals could not be challenged (supreme judge of the truth)
problem of papacy
5. after Rome was taken over how did Pope react
- retire to palace in Vatican describing himself as ‘prisoner’
excommunicated VE and entire italian gov
Economic problems
1. how were north and south different
north = semi-industrialised, advanced south = poor, agriculturally based, backward
Economic problems
2. why was there less land available in south for peasants
- new gov allowed small number of great landowners in south to enclose land to add to their states (known as latifundia)
= no common land, peasants could not feed themselves
Economic problems
3. gov introduced higher taxation to balance budget which meant
quality of life of peasants fell even lower for peasants
Economic problems
4. conscription in 1861 resulted in
25,000 taking for hills of naples and sicily
Economic problems
5. why was conscription an issue for peasants
men needed on farms
Civil war
1. how many people killed
- more than in the revs and the wars of unification period
Civil war
2. why was it called the brigands war (by the gov)
- emphasise the lawlesness of the situation and playing down political origins
Civil war
3. why did civil war break out
law and order in naples and sicily broke down
rural discontent -> rev -> war
Civil war
4. how long did it last
. 1861-1865
Government reactions
1. example of north treating south as inferior species
August 1861 Genral orders men to shoot everyone they see in Pontelandolfo (as a result of the loss of 41 comrades)
The standard of living (fell for all social classes)
1. when Venetia added gov total spending exceeded income by
60%
The standard of living
2. increase taxes fell mostly on
- peasants = forced to move to towns
