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Anatomy 1 > 2) The cardiovascular system > Flashcards

2) The cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What bones do we find in our shoulder attached to the ribcage?

A
  • The clavicle and scapula
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2
Q

What is the Sternum?

A
  • The bone found central of the ribcage
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3
Q

What are true ribs?

A
  • They are ribs that are directly corrected to the sternum via their coastal cartilages
  • These are from rib 1 to rib 7
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4
Q

What are false ribs?

A
  • Their costal cartilages join to the coastal cartilage of rib 7 which is attached to the sternum
  • They are from rib 8 to rib 10
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5
Q

What are the floating ribs?

A
  • Ribs that do no have an attachment to the sternum. These are embedded in the muscles.
  • They are ribs 11 and 12
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6
Q

What are coastal cartilages?

A
  • The cartilages that attach the ribs to the sternum
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7
Q

What is the thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • These are the vertebrae that run along the back and attach to the ribs
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8
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A
  • A thick sheet of muscle and tendon that runs along the bottom of the ribcage
  • It consists of a central tendon that is surrounded by muscle
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9
Q

What are the different parts of the sternum?

A
  • The manubrium (top)
  • The body (middle)
  • The manubriosternal joint/ the sternal angle (located between the manubrium and the body)
  • Xiphoid process/ Xiphisternum (sword like bone structure located at the bottom of the sternum)
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10
Q

What is the manubriosternal joint called?

A
  • The sternal angle
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11
Q

Why is the manubriosternal joint an important landmark?

A
  • It marks the site of attachment of the second pair of ribs.
  • The first ribs are not palpable (cannot be felt) as it is covered by the clavicle
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12
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A
  • A middle partition found at the centre of the chest cavity helps to divide the chest cavity into different parts.
  • On either side of the mediastinum we find lungs and and membrane that surrounds the lungs (pleura)
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13
Q

Where does the mediastinum start and where does it end?

A
  • It extends from the root of the neck to the diaphragm.

- It extends from the sternum to the vertebral column

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14
Q

What are the different subdivisions of the mediastinum?

A
  • Superior mediastinum (above sternal angle)
  • Inferior mediastinum (below sternal angle)
  • Anterior mediastinum (in front of the heart)
  • Middle mediastinum (where the heart is found)
  • Posterior mediastinum (behind the heart)

(Sternal angle intersects between vertebrae 4 and 5)

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15
Q

What is the pericardium?

A
  • A sac consisting of fibrous and serous tissue in which the heart lies in the mediastinum.
  • It encloses the heart and the roots of great vessels
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16
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?

A
  • It prevents excessive movement of the heart

- Serves as a lubricated membrane (due to the serous tissue) which allows different parts of the heart to contract

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17
Q

What do different sides of the heart do?

A
  • Right pump: receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs
  • Left pump: receives oxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the rest of the body
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18
Q

What are the two chambers found on each side of the heart?

A
  • An atrium and a ventricle which is separated by a valve

- System of arteries and veins that lead blood into and away from the heart

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19
Q

What is the direction of blood flow in arteries and veins?

A
  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart

- Veins carry blood to the heart

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20
Q

What are atrioventricular valves?

A
  • Valves that separate the atria from the ventricles.

- They open to allow blood to flow into the ventricles from the atria but close to prevent backflow

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21
Q

What is the vena cava divided into?

A
  • Superior vena cava: Brings deoxygenated blood from the brain and head
  • Inferior vena cava: Brings deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body
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22
Q

What is the pulmonary trunk?

A
  • The blood vessel that connects to the right ventricle and branches off into left and right pulmonary artery.
  • The left pulmonary artery transports blood to the left lung and the right pulmonary artery transports blood to the right lung
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23
Q

What are the different types of pulmonary veins?

A
  • Right pulmonary vein: brings oxygenated blood from the right lung
  • Left pulmonary vein: brings oxygenated blood from the left lung
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24
Q

What is the difference between atria and ventricles?

A
  • Atria have thinner walls compared to the ventricles. The thicker walls of the ventricles allows blood to be pumped out of the blood
25
Q

What is the structural difference between the two ventricles?

A
  • The left ventricle has thicker walls than the right ventricle.
  • This is because the left ventriclet has to pump blood a longer distance (through the body) while the right ventricle has to pump blood a shorter distance (through the lungs)
  • So a greater force of contraction is needed
26
Q

What are the different types of septums?

A
  • A septum is a muscle wall
  • Inter-atrial septum separates the two atria
  • Interventricular septum separates the two ventricles
  • Atrioventricular septum separates the atria from the ventricles
27
Q

What is an auricle?

A
  • It is an appendage, found on both sides of the heart, that extends anteriorly from the atria.
28
Q

What is the function of the right atrium?

A
  • It forms the right border of the heart and receives blood from the vena cavae and coronary sinus
29
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A
  • The coronary sinus is made when all the coronary arteries join together and drains blood which supplied the myocardium back into the right atrium
  • The coronary sinus lies medial to the inferior vena cava
30
Q

What is the crista terminalis?

A
  • The crista terminalis is a ridge found between the right atrium and the right auricle.
  • The wall on the inside of the crista terminalis is smooth and the exterior wall is rough
  • The rough muscular fibres found on the exterior of the right auricle are called musculi pectinati
  • The musculi pectianti prevent the walls of the atrium sticking together as the walls of the atrium come very close together as the heart fills and empties with blood
31
Q

What is the fossa ovale?

A
  • It is an hole from which the left and right atria were connected during development.
  • It allowed blood to pass from the right side of the heart to the left when fetal respiratory system is non functional
32
Q

What are the atrioventricular orifices?

A
  • Right: The opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle which is guarded by the tricuspid valve
  • Left: The opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle which is guarded by the bicuspid valve
33
Q

What is the relationship of atria to ventricles?

A
  • The atria sit posterior to the ventricles
34
Q

What is the function of the right ventricle?

A
  • It receives blood from the right ventricle and pumps this blood into the pulmonary trunk.
  • It sits anterior to the right atrium so blood flows in a anterior and horizontal direction.
35
Q

What is the pulmonary valve?

A
  • A tricuspid valve that separates the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle
36
Q

What are trabecular carnae?

A
  • Irregular muscle structures found on the interior walls of the ventricles.
37
Q

What are papillary muscles?

A
  • Specialised trabecular carnae that allow the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve to attach to the ventricular wall
  • When the ventricle contracts, the papillary muscles will also contract to prevent the cusps of the valve from turning inside out into the atria as ventricular pressure rises.
38
Q

What are chordae tendineae?

A
  • Tendinous chords which connect the valve to the papillary muscles
39
Q

What is the anatomy of the left atrium?

A
  • Forms most of the base of the heart.
  • Oxygenated blood enters through 4 pulmonary veins
  • The walls are smooth
  • There is a left auricle with muscular bundles inside however there is no crista terminalis
  • There is a hole in the interatrial septum where the valve for the foramen ovale is present.
  • Blood moves into the left ventricle through the atrioventricular orifice which is guarded by the mitral valve (bicuspid)
40
Q

What is the anatomy of the left ventricle?

A
  • It has a much thicker wall than the right ventricle and sits anterior to the left atrium
  • Blood passes through the AV orifice to the apex.
  • They also have papillary muscles which are attached to the chordae tendineae which are attached to the bicuspid valve
  • Blood then flows into the aortic vestiblue (start of the aorta) from the ventricle which is guarded by the aortic valve consisting of three semi-lunar cusps
  • The cusps of the aortic valve are connected to the aortic sinus which forces the blood into coronary arteries
41
Q

What is the coronary artery?

A
  • It is the artery that supplies the heart with oxygen and nutrients that allows its muscles to contract.
  • There are two coronary arteries (one on the left and one on the right) which arise from the aortic sinuses of the ascending aorta.
  • Coronary arteries and its branches are distributed over the entire surface of the heart.
  • These branches show variability
42
Q

What is the anatomy of the right coronary artery?

A
  • It arises from the aorta and runs forward between the pulmonary trunk and the right auricle
  • It descends almost vertically down the atrioventricular groove where it reaches the inferior border.
  • At this border it will join with the left coronary artery
  • It offers a marginal branch and a posterior interventricular branch (which is variable)
43
Q

What is anastamosis?

A
  • The connection between the left and right coronary arteries
44
Q

What is the anatomy of the left coronary artery?

A
  • It is usually larger than the right coronary artery
  • It arises from the aorta and passes between the pulmonary trunk and the left auricle
  • It then enters atrio-ventricular grooves and divides into anterior inter-ventricular branch and a circumflex branch
45
Q

What is the anatomy of the cardiac veins?

A
  • Venous structures that drain the blood from the walls of the heart returning it to the right atrium via the vena cavae
  • The coronary sinus connects all the cardiac veins together.
  • The veins that attach to the coronary sinus are the great, middle, small and posterior cardiac veins.
  • Anterior cardiac veins are very small veins that drain blood directly into the right ventricle
46
Q

What are the different parts of the aorta?

A
  • Ascending aorta: Found in the pericardial sac
  • Arch of aorta: lies behind manubrium of the sternum and in front of the trachea. It arches upwards and backwards and joins with the decending aorta at the sternal angle level
  • Brachiocephalic trunk: First branch in the arch that supplies the upper limbs and head with blood. This divides into the right subclavian artery (supplies right upper limb) and the right common carotid artery (supplies head and neck)
  • Left common carotid artery: Middle branch in the arch (supplies the left side of the brain)
  • Left subclavian artery: Last branch found furthest from the ascending aorta (supplies the head and neck)
47
Q

What is the vertebral artery?

A
  • The arteries that supplies the neck and brain with blood.

- It branches off from the subclavian arteries

48
Q

What happens to the common carotid artery when it reaches the head and neck?

A
  • It divides into the internal and external carotid artery
  • The internal carotid artery passes through the carotid canal and into the skull
  • The external carotid artery will pass into the face area
49
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the head and neck

A
  • An internal jugular vein joins with a subclavian vein which join to form a brachiocephalic vein
  • This happens on the left and on the right. They then join together to form the superior vena cava
50
Q

Describe the anatomy of the arteries in the upper limb.

A
  • There is a subclavian artery that branches off the brachiocephalic trunk heads underneath the clavical (shoulder bone)
  • The subclavian artery then forms the axillary artery which begins at the pectoralis minor muscle
  • The axillary artery then becomes the brachial artery.
  • The brachial artery then splits into the radial artery (passes through the radial side of the forearm) and the ulnar artery (passing through the ulnar side of the forearm)
  • They then form palmar arches in the palmar region of the hand where they anastomose between the radial and ulnar artery
51
Q

What are the tubes found in the diaphragm?

A
  • The inferior vena cava passes through the tendinous centre of the diaphragm around the 8th thoracic vertebrate
  • The oesophagus passes through the diaphragm at the 10th thoracic vertebrate in the muscular region surrounded by a muscular component called the oesophagus hiatus
  • The aorta passes behind the diaphragm through an opening (aortic hiatus) which occurs at the 12th thoracic vertebrate.
52
Q

What are the different branches of the trunk

A
  • The abdominal aorta is continuous with the descending aorta.
  • The celiac trunk branches off from the abdominal aorta and further divides into three terminal branches which supply the organs of the upper abdomen
  • The superior mesenteric artery branches off the abdominal artery supplies the small and large intestine.
  • Renal arteries branch off the aorta and supply the kidneys with blood
  • Lumbar arteries branch off the aorta and go into the back
  • Gonadal arteries branch off the aorta (testicular arteries in males and ovarian arteries in females)
  • The inferior mesenteric artery branches off the aorta and supplies the large intestines, rectum and colon with blood
  • Medial sacral artery found at the bottom before the branching into the iliacs which runs along the sacral part of the spine
  • The aorta then divides into two branches (at 4th lumbar vertebrate) into the left and right common iliac artery
  • These common iliac arteries branch further into internal iliac artery (passes into the pelvic cavity) and external iliac arteries (becomes the femoral artery in the lower limb)
  • The inferior vena cava is to the right of the aorta and is made through the joining of the left and right iliac veins
53
Q

What blood vessel is found in the lower limb?

A
  • The femoral artery is continuous with the external iliac artery.
  • The femoral artery then enters the femoral triangle which is wedged shaped formed by muscles in the upper thigh
  • The femoral triangle is found between the anterior abdominal wall and the lower limb
  • The femoral nerve, artery and vein pass between the abdomen and the lower limb under the inguinal ligament
54
Q

What are the different branches of the femoral artery?

A
  • Profunda femoris/ Deep femoral (largest branch) starting nearer the hip
  • Popliteal artery starting from behind the knee joint
  • The popliteal artery travels across the popliteal fossa and branches into the anterior and posterior tibial artery which run down the leg
  • The anterior tibial artery joins to the dorsalis pedis artery located on the top of the foot
55
Q

What is the popliteal fossa?

A
  • A diamond shape depression located behind the knee joint
  • Important nerves and vessels pass through the fossa as they pass from the thigh into the leg
  • Several muscles of the thighs and leg form the boundaries of the popliteal fossa
56
Q

What are the different divisions of the veins in the legs?

A
  • Deep veins: Located underneath the deep fascia of the lower limb accompanying many major arteries
  • Superficial veins: Found in subcutaneous tissue that eventually drain into deep veins
57
Q

What happens to the superficial veins in the lower limb?

A
  • They run into subcutaneous tissue.

- There are two major types : great saphenous vein and small saphenous vein

58
Q

What is the great saphenous vein?

A
  • It ascends up the medial side of the leg, passing anterior to the ankle and posteriorly at the knee
59
Q

What is the small saphenous vein?

A
  • It moves up the posterior side of the leg and empties into the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa

Anatomy 1 (8 decks)

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