1) Introduction to Anatomy

Question 1

What is anatomy?

Answer 1

-The study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationship among body parts

Question 2

Why is anatomical terminology important?

Answer 2

• Commonly used in medicine

- Allows for precision when describing structure and relations of structure

Question 3

What is the “anatomical position”?

Answer 3

• The standard reference position of the body from which all anatomical descriptions are derived

Question 4

Describe the positioning of an individual in an anatomical position

Answer 4

• Head, eyes and toes pointing forward (anteriorly)
• Arms held to side with elbows extended and palms facing anteriorly
• Lower limbs held close together with feet parallel

Question 5

What are anatomical planes and why are they used?

Answer 5

• They are hypothetical planes which transect the body.
• Used to describe location of structures or direction of movement.
• Also used to understand images produced by radiological images and scans which slice through the body in a non-invasive way

Question 6

Describe the different types of anatomical planes

Answer 6

• Frontal (coronal) plane: Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back). It transects the body from left to right
• Transverse (horizontal) plane: Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom)
• Sagittal plane: Vertical plane that divides the body into left and right. It transects the body from back to front

Question 7

Define the terms of anatomical relationships

Answer 7

• Anterior (Ventral): Closer to the front surface of the body
• Posterior (Dorsal): Closer to the back surface of the body
• Superior (Rostral/cranial): Closer to the crown of the head
• Inferior (Caudal): Closer to the soles of the feet
• Medial: Closer to the midline of the body
• Lateral: Further from the midline of the body
• Proximal: Nearer the trunk (torso)
• Distal: Further from the trunk (torso)
• Superficial: Closer to the surface of the body
• Deep: Further from the surface of the body

Question 8

What causes movement at a joint?

Answer 8

• Contraction and relaxation of muscles

Question 9

What are the types of movement that can occur at joints in the body?

Answer 9

• Flexion: To bend or make an angle

- Extension: To stretch or straighten

Question 10

How do we describe movement around the ankle joint?

Answer 10

• Dorsiflexion: Movement towards the posterior/dorsal/back surface of the foot. Caused
  by flexion.
• Plantarflexion: Movement towards the anterior/plantar/front surface of the foot. Caused
  by extension

Question 11

How do we describe movement of limbs?

Answer 11

• Abduction: Movement of limbs away from the median plane of the body
• Adduction: Movement of limbs towards the median plane of the body

Question 12

How do we describe rotation?

Answer 12

• Medial rotation: Towards the long axis of the trunk/torso

- Lateral rotation: Away from the long axis of the torso

Question 13

What is circumduction?

Answer 13

• A combination of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction

Question 14

How do we describe the movement in digits (fingers/toes) and thumbs?

Answer 14

• Abduction: Movement of digits and thumb away from the axis along the middle finger
• Adduction: Movement of digits and thumbs towards the axis along the middle finger
• Opposition (in thumbs only): Touching the tip of the thumb with another finger
• Thumbs can perform flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and opposition

Question 15

How do we describe movement of the forearm?

Answer 15

• Supination: Lateral rotation of the forearm which causes the palm to face anteriorly (front)
• Pronation: Medial rotation of the forearm which causes the palm to face posteriorly (back)

Question 16

How do we describe movement in the foot?

Answer 16

• Inversion: Twisting motion of the foot which turns the sole inwards
• Eversion: Twisting motion of the foot which turns the sole outward

Question 17

What are the divisions of the skeleton?

Answer 17

• Axial: Consisting of the central “axis” (skull, ribcage, backbone)
• Appendicular: Consisting of peripheral bones (found in limbs and pelvis)

Question 18

How do X-rays work?

Answer 18

• X-rays are beams of electromagnetic waves used to produce 2D radiographs.
• Different densities of tissues absorb different amounts of X-rays and so are represented by shades of black, grey and white

Question 19

How do CT scans work?

Answer 19

• CTs use X-rays to produce 2D and 3D images

Question 20

How do Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRIs) work?

Answer 20

• They use radio waves and magnetic fields to produce images based on proton levels
• More commonly used to assess soft and nervous tissues

Question 21

How does an Ultrasound work?

Answer 21

• High frequency sound waves are used to show tissues based on their density
• Point Of Care Ultrasound (POCUS) uses portable ultrasound machines for diagnosis and assessment

Question 22

What are the different types of MRIs?

Answer 22

• T1-weighted: shows structures made of mainly fat (fluids are dark/black while fat is bright/white)
• T2-weighted: shows structures made of fats and water (fats and fluids are bright)