2 - Splanchnology Flashcards
1
Q
- Layers of the thoracic wall
A
- Skin
- Superficial + deep fascia
- Intercostal m.
- external
- internal
- innermost
- Endo•thoracic fascia
- Parietal pleura
- Pleural cavity
- Visceral pleura
2
Q
- Intercostal space - Structure, items
A
- intercostal muscles:
- external
- internal
- innermost
- intercostal art. and veins
- intercostal lymph nodes
- intercostal nerves
3
Q
- Mediastinum - Definition, Borders, Divisions
A
Definition: visceral department in the middle of the thoracic cavity, between right and left pleural cavity
Borders:
- Anterior: Sternum
- Posterior: Vertebral Column
- Lateral: Mediastinal pleura (Lungs)
- Superior: Thoracic inlet (to neck)
- Inferior: Diaphragm
Divisions:
- superior mediastinum → 6 layers
- inferior mediastinum
- anterior, middle and posterior
→ dividing plane: “transthorscal plane”, from sternal angle to T4 and T5 vertebral discs
4
Q
- Layers of the superior mediastinum (6x)
A
Definition:
lies superior to the horizontal plane between the sternal angle and approximately the T4-T5 intervertebral disc
Layer 1:
- Thymus (retrosternal adipose body)
Layer 2:
- Superior vena cava
- brachiocephalic veins
between: Phrenic + Vagus nerves
Layer 3:
- Aortic arch
- brachiocephalic trunk
- left common carotid- + left subclavian artery
- recurrent Laryngeal nerves
Layer 4:
- Trachea
between: Esophageotracheal groove: recurrent laryngeal nerves
Layer 5:
- Esophagus: Thoracic duct
Layer 6:
- Posterior Thoracic wall: veins, sympathetic trunk
5
Q
- Layers of the inferior mediastinum
A
Anterior
- sternopericardiac ligaments
- internal thoracic vessels
- parasternal lymph nodes
Middle
- heart + pericardium
- initial parts of great vessels: ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk
- last parts of great vessels: superior + inferior vena cava, pulmonary + azygos veins
- phrenic nerves
- pericardiophrenic vessels
- root of lung
- bronchopericardiac membrane
Posterior
- Esophagus (C4-T11)
- vagus nerves
- thoracic aorta + parietal and viceral branches
- azygous + hemiazygous vein w/ tributaries
- thoracic duct
- symphathetic trunk
- thoracic splanchnic nerves
6
Q
- Chest X-ray: Identification of the contours of the heart
A
7
Q
- Anatomy of the heart valves
A
Semilunar valves
- Pulmonary valves
- Aortic valves
Cuspid valves (w/ chorda tendinae)
- Right atrio•ventricular valve → Tricuspid valve
- Left atrio•ventricular valve → Bicuspid valve
8
Q
- Impulse generating and conducting system of the heart
A
Intrinsic:
- SA node → AV node → bundle of HIS → right + left bundle branches → Purkinje fibers
Extrinsic: innervate nodes + coronary vessels
- Vagus nerve - parasympathetic innervation
- Sympathetic nerve
9
Q
- Branches and supply area of the right coronary artery
A
- SA nodal art.
- AV nodal art.
- right marginal art.
- post. interventricular art.
10
Q
- Branches and supply area of the left coronary artery
A
- ant. interventricular art.
- anastomosis with post. interventricular art.
- circumflex art.
- anastomosis with right coronary art.
11
Q
- Proper veins of the heart
A
- Coronary sinus (collecting point)
- cardiac veins:
- great
- middle
- small
- smallest
- oblique
- anterior
12
Q
- Anatomical parts of the aorta
A
-
ascending aorta
- right + left coronary art.
- aortic arch
-
descending aorta
- thoracic aorta
- abdominal aorta
13
Q
- Branches of the aortic arch
A
- brachiocephalic trunk
- right common carotid art.
- right subclavian art.
- left common carotid art.
- left subclavian art.
14
Q
- Tributaries of the SVC
A
- right brachiocephalic vein
- left brachiocephalic vein
- azygous vein
- → hemiazygous vein
15
Q
- Unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta
A
- Celiac trunk
- Sup. + inf. mesenteric artery
16
Q
- Paired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta
A
- middle suprarenal art.
- renal art.
- gonadal art.
- testicular/ovarian art.
17
Q
- Parietal branches of abdominal aorta
A
- inf. phrenic art.
- lumbar art.
- median sacral art.
18
Q
- Main lymphatic vessels of the body
A
- Intestinal trunk
- Lumbar trunk
-
Thoracic duct (receives 75% of all lymph)
- also called left lymphatic duct
- right lymphatic duct
- Bronchomediastinal trunk
- Subclavian trunk
- Jugular trunk
19
Q
- Paranasal sinuses + Openings
A
-
Ethmoidal sinus (w/ air cells!)
- posterior-: → superior nasal meatus
- middle-: → middle nasal meatus
- anterior-: → middle nasal meatus
-
Frontal sinus
- → middle nasal meatus
-
Maxillary sinus
- → middle nasal meatus
-
Sphenoid sinus
- → sphenoethmoid recess
-
Nasolacrimal duct
- → inferior nasal meatus
20
Q
- Frontal section of larynx
A
21
Q
- Hilar structures of the lung
A
Right hilum
- Bronchus → Pulmonary vein → Pulmonary art.
Left hilum
- Bronchus → Pulmonary art. → Pulmonary vein
22
Q
- Isthmus faucium
A
- connection between oral cavity and oropharynx
- Structures:
- palato•glossal arch
- palato•pharyngeal arch
- palatine tonsils
23
Q
- Large salivary glands: names, type of secretion, opening sides
A
-
Parotid gland (+ -duct)
- on side, posterior to masseter muscle
- typical serous gland
- duct opens into vestibule
-
Submandibular gland (+ -duct)
- in submandibular triangle
- serous + mucous
- ducts opens into sublingual papilla besides frenulum of tongue
-
Sublingual gland (+ -duct)
- beneath mucous membrane of the floor of mouth
- mainly mucous
- small gland w/ several small ducts
24
Q
44.1 Large salivary glands: Innervation
A
-
Parotid gland
- CN IX - glossopharyngeal nerve
- Nucleus:
- inf. salivatory nucleus
- Preganglionic fiber:
- lesser petrosal n.
- Ganglion:
- otic ganglion
- Postganglionic fiber:
- Auriculotemporal n. (CN V3)
-
Submandibular + Sublingual gland
- CN VII - facial nerve
- Nucleus:
- sup. salivatory nucleus
- Preganglionic fiber:
- Chorda tympani n.
- Ganglion:
- submandibular ganglion
- Postganglionic fiber:
- Lingual n. (CN V3)
25
45. Tonsils of the pharynx
* Pharyngeal tonsil
* Palatine tonsil
* Tubal tonsil
* Lingual tonsil
→ make up Waldeyer's ring: annular arrangement of lymph vessels
26
46. Openings of the diaphragm
**Openings:**
1. **Aortic hiatus** - Aorta
2. **Vena caval foramen** - IVC
3. **Esophageal hiatus**
* Esophagus
* ant. + post. vagal trunks
27
47. Layers of the abdominal wall
1. Skin
2. Superficial fascia
3. Deep fascia
4. Muscles
* Rectus abdominis m.
* External + internal oblique m.
* Transverse abdominis m.
5. Transversal fascia
6. Parietal peritonium
28
48. Inguinal canal
**Male:**
* **spermatic cord**
* ilioinguinal nerve
* genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
**Female:**
* **round lig. of uterus**
* ilioinguinal nerve
* genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
29
49. Topographical regions of the abdominal cavity
* 9 different regions
* each region includes an underlying organ
30
50. Peritoneal relations of the abdominal and pelvis organs
**Intraperitoneal**:
* stomach, duodenum, small intestine
* appendix, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, upper 1/3 of rectum
* liver, spleen
* in women:
* uterus
* fallopian tubes
* ovaries
* gonadal blood vessels
**Extraperitoneal:**
* ascending colon descending colon, middle 2/3 of rectum
* kidneys, adrenal glands
* proximal ureters
31
51. Hilar structures of the liver (porta hepatis)
→ on posterior surface
* Porta hepatis
* common hepatic duct
* hepatic portal vein
* hepatic art.
* venous lig.
* round lig.
* IVC
* gallbladder
32
52. Extrahepatic bile ducts
1. **Gallbladder**
* 4 parts:
* fundus
* body
* neck
* **cystic duct**
1. receives + stores bile from liver
2. concentrates it (collecting salt and water)
2. **Liver**
* right + left hepatic duct
3. **Pancreas******
* pancreatic duct
* all drain into the major duodenal papilla (p. of Vater)
33
53. Layers of the scrotum
1. Skin
2. Dartos fascia
3. External spermatic fascia
* Cremasteric fascia
4. Internal spermatic fascia
5. Tunica vaginalis
34
54. Structures of the spermatic cord
* deferens duct w/ art.
* testicular artery (from abdominal aorta)
* pampiniform plexus of veins (to testicular veins)
* cremasteric art. + vein
* genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
* lymph vessels
35
55. Structures of the vulva
* mons pubis
* clitoris
* vestibule of vagina
* vaginal orifice
* urethral orifice
* labia minora + majora
* vestibular glands
* Bartholin gland
36
56. Fossa ischiorectalis
* bordered by Urogenital diaphragm:
* deep transverse perineal m.
* perineal membrane
* Pudendal canal
* formed by the obturator fascia
* Internal pudendal art. + vein
* Pudendal nerve
37
57. Position, anatomy, fixure of the uterus
* **3 main parts**
* Fundus - superior and anterior
* Body
* Isthmus - constricted part between body + Cervix
* anteverted and anteflexed (90° vagina vs. longitudinal axis of uterine body)
* lies between urinary bladder and rectum:
* vesico•uterine pouch
* recto•uterine pouch (Douglas p.)
* **enclosed by peritoneum = broad lig.**
* pubo•vesical lig
* cardinal lig.
* recto•uterine lig.
* round lig.
* **supported by:**
* pelvic diaphragm
* urogenital diaphragm
38
58. Anatomical parts of the male urethra
1. **Prostatic portion**
* widest part of urethra
* Seminal colliculus
* opening of ejaculatory ducts
* Urethral crest
* opening of submucosal ducts and prostatic glands
2. **Membranous portion**
* passage through urogenital diaphragm
* controlled by ext. urethral sphincter
3. **Spongy portion**
* longest of the 2 portions
* in spongy body of penis
* opens at penile head, forms navicular fossa
39
59. Tributaries of the portal hepatic vein
* collects blood from unpaired abdominal viscera
* splenic vein
* sup. + inf. mesenteric vein
* right + left gastric vein
40
60. Crossings of the ureter
Crosses at 3 sites:
1. Gonodal vessels (posterior to them)
2. Common iliac vessels (anterior to them)
3. Deferent duct/Uterine artery (posterior to them)
41
61. Hilar structure of the kidney
* renal art. + vein
* ureter
* nerve of renal plexus
* lymphatic vessels
