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Anatomy Entry Questions > 2 - Splanchnology > Flashcards

2 - Splanchnology Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Layers of the thoracic wall
A
  1. Skin
  2. Superficial + deep fascia
  3. Intercostal m.
    • external
    • internal
    • innermost
  4. Endo•thoracic fascia
  5. Parietal pleura
    • Pleural cavity
  6. Visceral pleura
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2
Q
  1. Intercostal space - Structure, items
A
  • intercostal muscles:
    • external
    • internal
    • innermost
  • intercostal art. and veins
  • intercostal lymph nodes
  • intercostal nerves
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3
Q
  1. Mediastinum - Definition, Borders, Divisions
A

Definition: visceral department in the middle of the thoracic cavity, between right and left pleural cavity

Borders:

  • Anterior: Sternum
  • Posterior: Vertebral Column
  • Lateral: Mediastinal pleura (Lungs)
  • Superior: Thoracic inlet (to neck)
  • Inferior: Diaphragm

Divisions:

  • superior mediastinum → 6 layers
  • inferior mediastinum
    • anterior, middle and posterior

→ dividing plane: “transthorscal plane”, from sternal angle to T4 and T5 vertebral discs

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4
Q
  1. Layers of the superior mediastinum (6x)
A

Definition:

lies superior to the horizontal plane between the sternal angle and approximately the T4-T5 intervertebral disc

Layer 1:

  • Thymus (retrosternal adipose body)

Layer 2:

  • Superior vena cava
  • brachiocephalic veins

between: Phrenic + Vagus nerves

Layer 3:

  • Aortic arch
  • brachiocephalic trunk
  • left common carotid- + left subclavian artery
  • recurrent Laryngeal nerves

Layer 4:

  • Trachea

between: Esophageotracheal groove: recurrent laryngeal nerves

Layer 5:

  • Esophagus: Thoracic duct

Layer 6:

  • Posterior Thoracic wall: veins, sympathetic trunk
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5
Q
  1. Layers of the inferior mediastinum
A

Anterior

  • sternopericardiac ligaments
  • internal thoracic vessels
  • parasternal lymph nodes

Middle

  • heart + pericardium
  • initial parts of great vessels: ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk
  • last parts of great vessels: superior + inferior vena cava, pulmonary + azygos veins
  • phrenic nerves
  • pericardiophrenic vessels
  • root of lung
  • bronchopericardiac membrane

Posterior

  • Esophagus (C4-T11)
  • vagus nerves
  • thoracic aorta + parietal and viceral branches
  • azygous + hemiazygous vein w/ tributaries
  • thoracic duct
  • symphathetic trunk
  • thoracic splanchnic nerves
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6
Q
  1. Chest X-ray: Identification of the contours of the heart
A
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7
Q
  1. Anatomy of the heart valves
A

Semilunar valves

  • Pulmonary valves
  • Aortic valves

Cuspid valves (w/ chorda tendinae)

  • Right atrio•ventricular valve → Tricuspid valve
  • Left atrio•ventricular valve → Bicuspid valve
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8
Q
  1. Impulse generating and conducting system of the heart
A

Intrinsic:

  • SA node → AV node → bundle of HIS → right + left bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Extrinsic: innervate nodes + coronary vessels

  1. Vagus nerve - parasympathetic innervation
  2. Sympathetic nerve
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9
Q
  1. Branches and supply area of the right coronary artery
A
  1. SA nodal art.
  2. AV nodal art.
  3. right marginal art.
  4. post. interventricular art.
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10
Q
  1. Branches and supply area of the left coronary artery
A
  1. ant. interventricular art.
    • anastomosis with post. interventricular art.
  2. circumflex art.
    • anastomosis with right coronary art.
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11
Q
  1. Proper veins of the heart
A
  • Coronary sinus (collecting point)
  • cardiac veins:
    • great
    • middle
    • small
    • smallest
    • oblique
    • anterior
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12
Q
  1. Anatomical parts of the aorta
A
  1. ascending aorta
    • right + left coronary art.
  2. aortic arch
  3. descending aorta
    • thoracic aorta
    • abdominal aorta
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13
Q
  1. Branches of the aortic arch
A
  • brachiocephalic trunk
    • right common carotid art.
    • right subclavian art.
  • left common carotid art.
  • left subclavian art.
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14
Q
  1. Tributaries of the SVC
A
  • right brachiocephalic vein
  • left brachiocephalic vein
  • azygous vein
    • → hemiazygous vein
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15
Q
  1. Unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta
A
  1. Celiac trunk
  2. Sup. + inf. mesenteric artery
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16
Q
  1. Paired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta
A
  • middle suprarenal art.
  • renal art.
  • gonadal art.
  • testicular/ovarian art.
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17
Q
  1. Parietal branches of abdominal aorta
A
  • inf. phrenic art.
  • lumbar art.
  • median sacral art.
18
Q
  1. Main lymphatic vessels of the body
A
  • Intestinal trunk
  • Lumbar trunk
  • Thoracic duct (receives 75% of all lymph)
    • also called left lymphatic duct
  • right lymphatic duct
  • Bronchomediastinal trunk
  • Subclavian trunk
  • Jugular trunk
19
Q
  1. Paranasal sinuses + Openings
A
  1. Ethmoidal sinus (w/ air cells!)
    • ​​posterior-: → superior nasal meatus
    • middle-: → middle nasal meatus
    • anterior-: → middle nasal meatus
  2. Frontal sinus
    • → middle nasal meatus
  3. Maxillary sinus
    • → middle nasal meatus
  4. Sphenoid sinus
    • → sphenoethmoid recess
  5. Nasolacrimal duct
    • → inferior nasal meatus
20
Q
  1. Frontal section of larynx
A
21
Q
  1. Hilar structures of the lung
A

Right hilum

  • Bronchus → Pulmonary vein → Pulmonary art.

Left hilum

  • Bronchus → Pulmonary art. → Pulmonary vein
22
Q
  1. Isthmus faucium
A
  • connection between oral cavity and oropharynx
  • Structures:
    • palato•glossal arch
    • palato•pharyngeal arch
    • palatine tonsils
23
Q
  1. Large salivary glands: names, type of secretion, opening sides
A
  1. Parotid gland (+ -duct)
    • on side, posterior to masseter muscle
    • typical serous gland
    • duct opens into vestibule
  2. Submandibular gland (+ -duct)
    • ​​in submandibular triangle
    • serous + mucous
    • ducts opens into sublingual papilla besides frenulum of tongue
  3. Sublingual gland (+ -duct)
    • ​​beneath mucous membrane of the floor of mouth
    • mainly mucous
    • small gland w/ several small ducts
24
Q

44.1 Large salivary glands: Innervation

A
  1. Parotid gland
    • CN IX - glossopharyngeal nerve
    • Nucleus:
      • inf. salivatory nucleus
    • Preganglionic fiber:
      • lesser petrosal n.
    • Ganglion:
      • otic ganglion
    • Postganglionic fiber:
      • Auriculotemporal n. (CN V3)
  2. Submandibular + Sublingual gland
    • CN VII - facial nerve
    • Nucleus:
      • sup. salivatory nucleus
    • Preganglionic fiber:
      • Chorda tympani n.
    • Ganglion:
      • submandibular ganglion
    • Postganglionic fiber:
      • Lingual n. (CN V3)
25
Q
  1. Tonsils of the pharynx
A
  • Pharyngeal tonsil
  • Palatine tonsil
  • Tubal tonsil
  • Lingual tonsil

→ make up Waldeyer’s ring: annular arrangement of lymph vessels

26
Q
  1. Openings of the diaphragm
A

Openings:

  1. ​Aortic hiatus - Aorta
  2. Vena caval foramen - IVC
  3. Esophageal hiatus
    • ​​Esophagus
    • ant. + post. vagal trunks
27
Q
  1. Layers of the abdominal wall
A
  1. Skin
  2. Superficial fascia
  3. Deep fascia
  4. Muscles
    • Rectus abdominis m.
    • External + internal oblique m.
    • Transverse abdominis m.
  5. Transversal fascia
  6. Parietal peritonium
28
Q
  1. Inguinal canal
A

Male:

  • spermatic cord
  • ilioinguinal nerve
  • genital branch of genitofemoral nerve

Female:

  • round lig. of uterus
  • ilioinguinal nerve
  • genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
29
Q
  1. Topographical regions of the abdominal cavity
A
  • 9 different regions
  • each region includes an underlying organ
30
Q
  1. Peritoneal relations of the abdominal and pelvis organs
A

Intraperitoneal:

  • stomach, duodenum, small intestine
  • appendix, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, upper 1/3 of rectum
  • liver, spleen
  • in women:
    • uterus
    • fallopian tubes
    • ovaries
    • gonadal blood vessels

Extraperitoneal:

  • ascending colon descending colon, middle 2/3 of rectum
  • kidneys, adrenal glands
  • proximal ureters
31
Q
  1. Hilar structures of the liver (porta hepatis)
A

→ on posterior surface

  • Porta hepatis
    • common hepatic duct
    • hepatic portal vein
    • hepatic art.
  • venous lig.
  • round lig.
  • IVC
  • gallbladder
32
Q
  1. Extrahepatic bile ducts
A
  1. Gallbladder
    • 4 parts:
      • ​fundus
      • body
      • neck
      • cystic duct
    1. receives + stores bile from liver
    2. concentrates it (collecting salt and water)​​​​
  2. Liver
    • ​​right + left hepatic duct
  3. Pancreas​
    • pancreatic duct
  • all drain into the major duodenal papilla (p. of Vater)
33
Q
  1. Layers of the scrotum
A
  1. Skin
  2. Dartos fascia
  3. External spermatic fascia
    • Cremasteric fascia
  4. Internal spermatic fascia
  5. Tunica vaginalis
34
Q
  1. Structures of the spermatic cord
A
  • deferens duct w/ art.
  • testicular artery (from abdominal aorta)
  • pampiniform plexus of veins (to testicular veins)
  • cremasteric art. + vein
  • genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
  • lymph vessels
35
Q
  1. Structures of the vulva
A
  • mons pubis
  • clitoris
  • vestibule of vagina
    • vaginal orifice
    • urethral orifice
  • labia minora + majora
  • vestibular glands
    • Bartholin gland
36
Q
  1. Fossa ischiorectalis
A
  • ​​bordered by Urogenital diaphragm:
  • deep transverse perineal m.
  • perineal membrane
  • Pudendal canal
    • formed by the obturator fascia
    • Internal pudendal art. + vein
    • Pudendal nerve
37
Q
  1. Position, anatomy, fixure of the uterus
A
  • 3 main parts
    • Fundus - superior and anterior
    • Body
    • Isthmus - constricted part between body + Cervix
  • anteverted and anteflexed (90° vagina vs. longitudinal axis of uterine body)
  • lies between urinary bladder and rectum:
    • vesico•uterine pouch
    • recto•uterine pouch (Douglas p.)
  • enclosed by peritoneum = broad lig.
    • pubo•vesical lig
    • cardinal lig.
    • recto•uterine lig.
    • round lig.
  • supported by:
    • pelvic diaphragm
    • urogenital diaphragm
38
Q
  1. Anatomical parts of the male urethra
A
  1. Prostatic portion
    • widest part of urethra
    • Seminal colliculus
      • opening of ejaculatory ducts
    • Urethral crest
      • opening of submucosal ducts and prostatic glands
  2. Membranous portion
    • ​passage through urogenital diaphragm
    • controlled by ext. urethral sphincter
  3. Spongy portion
    • ​longest of the 2 portions
    • in spongy body of penis
    • opens at penile head, forms navicular fossa
39
Q
  1. Tributaries of the portal hepatic vein
A
  • collects blood from unpaired abdominal viscera
    • splenic vein
    • sup. + inf. mesenteric vein
    • right + left gastric vein
40
Q
  1. Crossings of the ureter
A

Crosses at 3 sites:

  1. Gonodal vessels (posterior to them)
  2. Common iliac vessels (anterior to them)
  3. Deferent duct/Uterine artery (posterior to them)
41
Q
  1. Hilar structure of the kidney
A
  • renal art. + vein
  • ureter
  • nerve of renal plexus
  • lymphatic vessels

Anatomy Entry Questions (3 decks)

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