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BB Chemistry & Physics > 2 Solution Behavior > Flashcards

2 Solution Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Fluid

A
  • a material that has the ability to flow

- not necessarily liquid

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2
Q

Density

A

Mass/Volume

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3
Q

Hydrostatics

A
  • study of fluids that are not moving

- density and pressure are key

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4
Q

Hydrodynamics

A

study of fluids in motion

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5
Q

Pressure

A

P = force/area

doubling area will decrease pressure by factor of 4

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6
Q

Pascal’s Principle

A
  • pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure throughout the fluid by the same amount
    ex. ) needle, uncapped
  • area is different, pressure is the same
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7
Q

Buoyancy

A

-all fluids exert force on objects immersed in them

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8
Q

Archimedes Principle

A

-an object immersed either totally or partially in a fluid feels a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced

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9
Q

Floating & Density

A

density of object > density of fluid –> object sinks
density of object < density of fluid –> object floats
object sinks –> buoyant force if less than true object weight
object floats –> buoyant force is greater than true weight of object

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10
Q

Hydrometer

A

-simple device used to measure density or specific gravity of liquids

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11
Q

Laminar Flow

A

what we want!
flow is unchanging flow pattern, smooth and orderly
-r/t viscosity

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12
Q

Turbulent Flow

A

continuously carrying pattern of flow
increased resistance
-r/t density

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13
Q

Narrowing of tube causes speed to…

A

-increase tremendously

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14
Q

Bernouli’s Principle

A
  • as speed of fluid increases the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases
  • basis of venturi flowmeter
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15
Q

Viscosity

A
  • a measure of fluids resistance to flow

- measured in poise

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16
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A
  • laminar flow rate of a liquid along a pipe is proportional to the 4th power of the pipe’s radius
  • applies only to laminar flow!!
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17
Q

Change in radius and effect on flow

A

dramatic!

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18
Q

3 ways to increase the fluid flow rate through a catheter

A
  1. ) raise the bag
  2. ) larger gauge
  3. ) shorter length
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19
Q

Reynold’s Number

A

-predicts the flow at which laminar flow will become turbulent
>2000 turbulence will usually occur
*considerably high at ejection points of heart

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20
Q

Reynold’s Number is directly proportional to…

A

velocity
density
diameter

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21
Q

Reynold’s Number is inversely proportional to…

A

viscosity

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22
Q

Solution

A

a homogenous mixture that consists of one or more solutes uniformly dispersed at a molecular or ionic level throughout a solvent

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23
Q

Solvent

A

dissolves other substances

24
Q

Solute

A

dissolves into solvent

25
Q

molality

A

moles in a solute/ kg of solvent

26
Q

molarity

A

moles in a solute/ L of solution

27
Q

Solubility

A

amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent
ex.) meds in blood
increased lipid solubility = increased potency

28
Q

Saturated

A

a saturated solution contains the maximum amount of a solute

29
Q

Supersaturated

A
  • a solution contains more solute than allowed by the solubility
  • NOT STABLE, excess falls out of solution
    ex. ) kidney stones
30
Q

Miscible

A
  • mixable! 2 liquids that are soluble in each other in all proportions
  • alcohol in water
  • not miscible –> oil & water
31
Q

Solubility Guidelines

A

like dissolves like

  • polar solutes are more soluble in polar solvents
  • nonpolar are more soluble in nonpolar
  • temperature can effect
32
Q

Ionic Compounds

A

most polar species, followed by hydrogen bonds

-soluble in water but not very soluble in organic solvent (ether/hexane)

33
Q

Organic Compounds

A
  • relatively insoluble in water-based medium (blood)

- vast majority of injectable meds

34
Q

Lidocaine Solubility

A
  • nonpolar, water-insoluble, organic compound
  • reacts with hydrochloric acid –> gets ionic salt –> lidocaine hydrochloride –> now water soluble
  • amine functional groups contain nitrogen atom
35
Q

Cardiac output in r/t brain delivery

A

decreased CO = increased delivery to brain

36
Q

is protein binding more important to duration or solubility?

A

duration!

solubility r/t potency

37
Q

propofol syndrome

A

“pink blood”

r/t solubility & fat emulsion

38
Q

How does decreased solubility r/t action and wake up?

A

higher solubility = faster action and wake up

-not soluble in blood, soluble in brain

39
Q

endothermic

A

substances have positive reaction

40
Q

Solvation

A

Energy required to break or make those bonds between chemical bonds (lattice)

41
Q

Pressure & Solubility

A
  • pressure has dramatic effect on solubility
  • increased pressure = increased solubility of solute in solvent (gas in liquid)
  • liquids and solids are not very compressible –> less effect
42
Q

Henry’s Law

A

the amount of non-reacting gas which dissolves in liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of gas, if temp remains constant

43
Q

Temperature & Solubility

A

GAS –> increased temp = decreased solubility
LIQUID –> increased temp = increased solubility

*the colder the blood, the more gas will dissolve within the liquid

44
Q

Colligative Properties of Solutions

A
  • depends only on the number of solute particles, not identity
    1. ) vapor pressure of solution decreases with increasing solute concentration
    2. ) boiling point of solution increases with increasing solute concentration
    3. ) freezing point of solution decreases with increasing solute concentration
    4. ) osmotic pressure of solution increases with increasing solute concentration
45
Q

Vapor Pressure

A

VP of a liquid results from the most energetic molecules near the surface of the liquid escaping into the gas phase

46
Q

Vapor Pressure of Solution vs Vapor Pressure of pure solvent

A

vapor pressure of solution (solutes added) < vapor pressure of pure solvent

47
Q

Raoult’s Law

A

vapor pressure of a volatile component of a solution (P) is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure substance times the mole fraction of that substance

48
Q

Boiling Point

A

-temperature at which the vapor pressure of the material is equal to the ambient pressure
-boiling point increases as concentration of solutes increases
increased atm pressure = less heat required to boil

49
Q

Freezing Point

A
  • temp at which the liquid phase of material is in equilibrium with the solid phase
  • molecules (ions/atoms) need to settle in orderly, crystalline lattice formation
50
Q

Tonicity

A

relative concentration of solutes in the osmotic system

51
Q

Isotonic

A

contains equal concentrations of particles

52
Q

Hypertonic

A

greater concentrations

ex.) 3% saline

53
Q

Hypotonic

A

lower concentration

54
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water molecules across a membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration
ex.) lidocaine w. dextrose (hypertonic) vs 1/2% lido (isotonic)

55
Q

Colloids

A
  • not true solutions
  • one phase of uniformly dispersed in a second phase
    ex. ) blood, albumin

BB Chemistry & Physics (3 decks)

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