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Dermatology > 2: Skin Infections > Flashcards

2: Skin Infections Flashcards

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1
Q

What is erysipelas

A

Superficial form of cellulitis that affects upper dermis and subcutaneous tissue

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2
Q

What causes erysipelas

A

Group A streptococcus

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3
Q

How will erysipelas present

A

Well demarcated erythematous patch

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4
Q

What causes cellulitis

A
  1. Staphylococcus aureus

2. Group A streptococcus

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5
Q

What is cellulitis

A

Infection of lower dermis and SC tissue

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6
Q

How will cellulitis present

A

Erythematous patch with indistinct margins

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7
Q

What may cause necrotising fasciitis

A

Group A streptococcus and anaerobes

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8
Q

What is necrotising fasciitis an infection of

A

Fascia and underlying muscle

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9
Q

How will necroitising fasciitis present

A

Rapidly spreading and worsening infection. May cause necrosis - which can present as crepitus, bulla

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10
Q

What infection may cause folliculitis

A

S. aureus

P. aeruginosa

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11
Q

What is folliculitis

A

Infection of hair follicles

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12
Q

What infection causes impetigo

A
  • Staphylococcus aurea

- Group A streptococcus

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13
Q

What is impetigo

A

Infection of superficial epidermis

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14
Q

How will impetigo present

A

Erythematous lesions with yellow crusting

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15
Q

What may cause staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome

A

Exotoxin released by staphylococcus aureus

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16
Q

What are the two types of HSV

A

HSVI = herpes labialis (Oral)

HSV2 = herpes genitalis

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17
Q

What is HSV I

A

Oral Infection

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18
Q

What is HSV 2

A

Genital Infection

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19
Q

What causes shingles

A

Herpes Zoster Virus

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20
Q

What causes herpes zoster opthalmicus

A

VZV

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21
Q

How will herpes zoster opthalmicus present

A
  1. Fever, Headache
  2. Maculo-papular rash over distribution of ophthalmic. N
  3. Reduced corneal sensitivity
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22
Q

What are low risk HPV virus serotypes

A

6 and 11

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23
Q

What do low risk HPV serotypes cause

A

Anogenital warts

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24
Q

How will warts present

A

Skin coloured, white scaly patches that present with cauliflower type appearance

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25
Q

What are the high risk hPV serotypes

A

16 and 18

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26
Q

What do high-risk serotypes cause

A

Cervical cancer

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27
Q

What are superficial fungal infections

A

Fungal infections that affect superifical layers of skin, hair or nails

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28
Q

What are the three types of superficial fungal infections

A
  1. Dermatophytes
  2. Yeasts
  3. Moulds
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29
Q

What is the main dermatophyte skin infection

A

Tinea (Ring-Worm)

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30
Q

What are two types of yeast superficial skin infections

A

Candidiasis

Malassezia

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31
Q

What is tinea corpis

A

Tinea infection of glaborous skin

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32
Q

How will tinea corpis lesions present

A

Clearly defined circular lesions - normally of the trunk and limbs. That have raised and scaly edges. Often itchy

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33
Q

What is tinea pedis

A

Athletes foot

: Scaling of skin between toes

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34
Q

What is tinea capitis

A

Tinea infection of the scalp

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35
Q

How will tinea capitis present

A

Loss of sections of hair with scaling and flaking in those regions

36
Q

What is tinea unguium

A

Tinea infection of the nail

37
Q

How will tinea unguium present

A

Yellow, thickening and crumbling of the nail

38
Q

What is tinea incognito

A

Incorrect treatment of tinea infection with corticosteroids

39
Q

How will tinea incognito present

A

Less-demarcated erythematous lesions

40
Q

How will oral candidiasis present

A

White plaques on mucosa

41
Q

How will candiasis present

A

Erythema with adjacent satellite lesions in flexures

42
Q

What is pityriasis also known as

A

Tinea versicolour

43
Q

What causes tinea versicolour

A

Infection with malassezia furfur

44
Q

How will pityriasis present clinically

A

Scaly brown patches on trunk that fail to tan

45
Q

How are fungal infections often diagnosed

A
  • Skin scrapings
  • Hair or nail clippings
  • Skin swabs
46
Q

What cream can be used to treat fungal infections

A

Terbinafine

47
Q

If a severe fungal infection, what may be used

A

Oral Itraconazole

48
Q

Why should corticosteroids not be used to manage fungal infections

A

Leads to tinea incognito

49
Q

What are two examples of skin infestations

A
  1. Scabies

2. Cutaneous leishmaniasis

50
Q

How will scabies infections present

A
  • Intense pruritus at night
  • Burning sensation
  • Elongated erythematous papules (2-10m m)
  • Scattered vesicles filled with clear or cloudy fluid
51
Q

How will cutaneous leishmaniasis present

A

Multiple red macules-papules that occur around sand-fly bite that quickly increase in size and develop central ulceration

52
Q

Define cellulitus

A

Infection of dermis and underlying upper subcutaneous tissue

53
Q

What are the three bacteria to cause cellulitis

A
  1. Staphylococcus aureus
  2. Streptococcus progenies
  3. Pasterulla mulocida
54
Q

What is a risk factor for pasterurella mulocida

A

Secondary to bites from cats/dogs

55
Q

How will cellulitis present clinically

A
  • Poorly- demarcted erythematous lesion
  • Commonly over the shins
  • May have systemic upset
56
Q

If caused by which bacteria will cellulitis have purulent exudate

A

S.aureus

57
Q

What is the difference between erysipelas and cellulitis

A

Erysipelas - Infection of superficial dermis and epidermis

58
Q

How is the diagnosis of cellulitis usually made

A

Clinically.

59
Q

What is used to classify cellulitis

A

Eron Classification

60
Q

What is Eron Class I cellulitis

A
  1. No Systemic Upset

2. No uncontrolled co-morbidities

61
Q

What is Eron Class 2 cellulitis

A
  1. Systemic upset

2. Person is well, but with uncontrolled co-morbidities

62
Q

What is Eron Class 3 Cellulitis

A
  1. Significant systemic upset

2. Limb threatening infection secondary to vascular compromise

63
Q

What is Eron Class 4 Cellulitis

A

Necrotising fasciitis or sepsis

64
Q

What are the 6 criteria for admitting someone to hospital with cellulitis for IV Abx

A
  1. Immunocompromised
  2. Less than 1y/o or Frail
  3. Eron class III or IV
  4. Significant lymphedema
  5. Deteriorating condition
  6. Peri-orbital or facial
65
Q

What is first-line antibiotic for cellulitis

A

Flucloxacillin

66
Q

If individuals are allergic to penicillin, what should be given instead of flucloxacillin

A

Clarithromycin or Clindamycin

67
Q

What are three possible ccomplications of cellulitis

A
  • Necroitisng fasciitis
  • Septicaemia
  • Abscess
68
Q

What is erysipleas

A

Superficial infection of superficial dermis and SC tissue

69
Q

What causes Erysipelas

A

Group A streptococcus

70
Q

Give an example of a Group A streptococcus

A

Streptococcus Pyogenes

71
Q

How can erysipelas be distinguished from cellulitus

A

Well-demarcated, raised borders

72
Q

Where will 80% of erysipelas present

A

Lower limbs

73
Q

How will erysipelas present clinically

A

Erythematous, Oedematous, Warm lesions of lower limb with lymphagitis

74
Q

What is lymphaginitis

A

Red streaks will project form the lesion representing inflammation of lymphatic vessels

75
Q

What is the difference between cellulitis and erysipelas in causative agents

A

Most commonly:
Cellulitis = Staph.A
Erysipelas = Group A Strep.

76
Q

What causes staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

A

Epidermolytic toxin released by staphylococcus

77
Q

What typically precede staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

A

A mucocutaenous staphylococcal infection such as impetigo

78
Q

In which population does staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome occur

A

Children

79
Q

What time period does SSS present

A

Hours-Days

80
Q

How will SSS present clinically

A

Starts with fever, malaise and erythematous skin - that gives a scalded appearance. Then followed by flaccid bullae. Leisons are extremely common

81
Q

Over which regions is SSS lesions more common

A

Face
Neck
Axilla
Groin

82
Q

What other symptom is present in SSS

A

Peril-Oral scaling

83
Q

What sign is positive in SSS

A

Nikolosky’s sign positive

84
Q

How can SSS be distinguished from SJS and TEN

A

No mucosal involvement

85
Q

Explain pathophysiology of SSS

A

Staphylococcus releases exotoxin A and B. Which then cleave desmoglein-3 of the epidermis.

86
Q

What is first-line management for SSS

A

Antibiotics: penicillinase-resistant antibiotics (nafcillin, oxacillin)

87
Q

How long does recovery usually take for SSS

A

15-19d

Dermatology (6 decks)

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