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Semester 3 - Gastrointestinal > 2. Setting the Scene (Anatomy) > Flashcards

2. Setting the Scene (Anatomy) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main types of the epithelial cell found in the GI tract and where r they found?

A

Stratified squamous in oesophagus and distal anus

o Everything in between is simple columnar

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2
Q

Function of stratified squamous non keratinised epithelium found in GI tract? Hint: think about where it’s found specifically

A

Resists abrasion/stress (physical + chemical). Hard food and faeces bcs found at mouth and distal anus.

Non keratinised means it SECRETES MUCUS to protect + lubricate.

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3
Q

Describe the enterocytes and their function

A

A simple columnar epithelial cell that absorbs
o Predominant cell of small intestine and colon
o One cell thick!
o Need to transport nutrients through
- Apical membrane
- Basolateral membrane
o Blood vessels/lymphatics lie immediately below the
enterocyte (in LP)

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4
Q

What is a specialised feature of enterocytes?

A

◦ Microvilli (collectively termed brush border)

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5
Q

Where are goblet cells found and how do they get their name?

A

o Scattered in between enterocytes
o Increasing in number from duodenum to colon
o They get their name from a narrow base and larger
apical size

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6
Q

Why is the nucleus of a goblet cell at its base?

A

Mucus pushes it down to the base

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7
Q

What does the mucus from goblet cells protect the epithelia from?

A

o Friction (acts as lubricant)
o Chemical damage (acidic environment)
o Bacterial inflammation (forms physical barrier)

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8
Q

WHat are mucous producing cells in the stomach called and what else do they produce?

A

Gastric surface mucous cells (foveolar cells)
o Line gastric mucosa/gastric pits
o Secrete mucus/HCO3 that forms barrier to stomach acid

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9
Q

Describe foveolar cells

A

o simple columnar epithelium
o divided in two groups:
- surface mucous cells, which line the surface and the gastric pits
- mucous neck cells, which are a part of the neck of gastric glands

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10
Q

What are the permanent folds in the intestine called?

A

Plicae circulares or vulvulae conniventes

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11
Q

What two factors of the small intestines increase surface area?

A

permanent fold
villi
microvilli

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12
Q

What are the folds in the stomach called and what do they allow?

A

Rugae, allows the stomach to be easily expandible

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13
Q

What are haustra?

A

Sacculations in the large bowel

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14
Q

Where are crypts found?

A

In small and large intestine

o Sometimes known as crypts of Lieberkuhn/intestinal glands

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15
Q

What specialised cells are found within the crypts and what are their functions?

A

o Stem cells
o Paneth cells
o Enteroendocrine cells

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16
Q

How does the gut maintain its epithelial barrier to protect from stomach acid?

A

Contains stem cells that replace epithelia every 2-4 days

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17
Q

What is the role of a Paneth cell?

A

Secretes antibacterial proteins, which protect stem cells of gut
Found at the base

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18
Q

What are Brunner’s glands and where are they found?

A

Proximal duodenum - secrete alkaline mucoid material into crypts to neutralise acidic chyme from stomach.

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19
Q

Function of columnar cells found in the colon (large intestine)? Why do they contain lots of ATPase pumps?

A

Extract final amounts of water from faecal material. Does this against a strong conc grad so requires a lot of energy. Active fluid transport.

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20
Q

WHat are the 4 layers of the gut tube?

A

Mucosa (innermost)
o Submucosa
o External muscle layers
o Serosa (outermost)

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21
Q

What are the layers of the mucosa?

A

epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

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22
Q

What is the function of the epithelial layer of mucosa?

A 
o Selectively permeable barrier
o Facilitate transport and digestion of food
o Promote absorption
o Produce hormones
o Produce mucus
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23
Q

What is contained within the lamina propria and what does it produce?

A

o Lots of lymphoid nodules and macrophages
o Produce antibodies (mainly IgA which is resistant to
proteases)
 Protect against bacterial/viral invasion

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24
Q

What is the muscularis mucosae?

A

o Layers of smooth muscle orientated in different
directions
o Keeps epithelium in contact with gut contents

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25
Q

How does the muscularis mucosa prevent infection?

A

Helps keep crypt contents dynamic to prevent stasis. Stasis would result in infection

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26
Q

What is contained within the submucosa?

A

Dense connective tissue, blood vessels, glands, lymphoid tissue, submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus

27
Q

What is contained within the muscularis externa?

A 
Inner circular muscle
o Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus
Outer longitudinal muscle`
28
Q

What is contained in the serosa?

A

o Blood and lymph vessels and adipose tissue

o Continuous with mesenteries

29
Q

What are the crypts found between?

A

Found between villi

30
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

Mesothelium lined cavity
o Flattened simple squamous epithelium
o Basement membrane
o Dense irregular connective tissue

31
Q

Describe the function of the peritoneal cavity

A

o Produces lubricating fluid

o Envelopes certain viscera (projects off cavity wall)

32
Q

What are the viscera that are enveloped by the visceral peritoneum called?

A

Intraperitoneal viscera - not inside peritoneal cavity but enveloped by it

33
Q

What is the name of the part of peritoneum that lines the cavity wall?

A

parietal peritoneum

34
Q

What are retroperitoneal viscera?`

A

Viscera that are not enveloped and lie posterior to

peritoneal cavity - only anterior surface covered by peritoneum

35
Q

What does the peritoneal cavity contain?

A

empty - small amount of fluid - reduces friction between structures

36
Q

Given that the peritoneal cavity is empty, describe, in basic terms, how intra-peritoneal structures receive their blood supply from the retro-peritoneal space.

A

Mesentery

37
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

A double fold of the peritoneum that attaches certain viscera to the posterior abdominal wall

38
Q

Which structures contain a mesentery?

A 
◦ Jejenum
◦ ileum
◦ Appendix
◦ Transverse colon
◦ Sigmoid colon
◦ Rectum
39
Q

Function of mesentery?

A

Blood supply to intraperitoneal structures from retroperitoneal space bcs peri cavity is empty.
- attaches structures to abdominal wall and fixes them in a fixed postition

40
Q

What are the retroperitoneal structures? Name them (hint : SAD PUCKER)

A 
S = Suprarenal (adrenal) Glands.
A = Aorta/IVC.
D =Duodenum (2nd - 4th parts)
P = Pancreas (except the tail)
U = Ureters.
C = Colon (ascending and descending parts)
K= Kidneys.
E = eosophagus.
R = rectum
41
Q

What are omenta?

A

Specialised regions of peritoneum

42
Q

What structure is the greater omentum derived from?

A

Dorsal mesentery

43
Q

What structure is the lesser omentum derived from?

A

Ventral mesentery

44
Q

What is the peritoneal ligament?

A

double fold of peritoneum connecting viscera

45
Q

What are the layers of the abdominal wall?

A

Skin, Fascia/fat (superficial/deep), 3x anterolateral muscles, rectus abdominis, transversalis fascia, peritoneum

46
Q

What are the 3 anterolateral muscles of the abdominal wall?

A

External oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis

47
Q

Describe the direction in which external oblique, internal oblique and transverse abdominis runs?

A

External = “hands in pockets”
Internal =mediosuperiorly
Transverse = towards linea alba (midline)

48
Q

Actions of external oblique muscle

A

Compress abdominal viscera
Flex trunk
Contra-lateral rotate trunk - rotate core to opposite side of muscle

49
Q

Origin and insertion of external oblique?

A

Origin 5-12th rib

Inserts iliac crest, inguinal ligament, linea alba

50
Q

Actions of internal oblique?

A

Ipsilateral rotation of trunk

Compress abdominal viscera

Flex trunk

51
Q

Origin and insertion of internal oblique?

A

origin: lateral portion of inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia
insert: lower 3/4 ribs, linea alba via aponeorosis, pubic crest

52
Q

Actions of transverse abdominis?

A

Core stability

Compress abdominal contents

53
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

o Thin sheet like tendon

These have them:
o External oblique
o Internal oblique
o Transverse abdominis
These lateral muscles have aponeurosis that envelops the midline rectus abdominus muscles
54
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

Name of the sheet that all the aponeurosis of the anterolateral abdo muscles makes

55
Q

What nerves innnervate anterolateral muscles of abdominal wall (external,internal oblique and transverse abdominis)?

A

Anterior rami of T7-12. Internal and transverse also L1

56
Q

Anatomical significance of the arcuate line?

A

Above the line, the internal oblique muscle splits to envelop the muscle w external oblique going above and the transverse abdominis going below.

Below the line, all 3 muscles tendons run above the rectus abdominis muscle

57
Q

Where is the arcuate line found?

A

Halfway between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis

58
Q

Above the arcuate line, the aponeuroses of which muscles envelop the anterior surface of the rectus abdominis muscles?

A

External oblique

Internal oblique

59
Q

Below the arcuate line, the aponeurosis of which muscles envelop the anterior surface of the rectus abdominus muscles?

A

All 3 : external oblique
internal oblique
transverse abdominus

60
Q

What is the lower limit of the posterior rectus sheath and what is then posterior to the rectus abdominis?

A

Arcuate line, Roughly half way between umbilicus and pubic crest. Transversalis fascia then lies posterior.

61
Q

What separates the right and left rectus abdominis?

A

Linea alba (part of the rectus sheath)

62
Q

What is the lateral border of the rectus abdominis?

A

Linea semilunaris

63
Q

Which structures are contained within the peritoneal cavity? Ie intraperitoneal structures

A

Spleen
Liver
Transverse and sigmoid colon

Semester 3 - Gastrointestinal (17 decks)

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