2 Revolution 1629-1649 Flashcards
Beauty of Holliness
Charles and Laud demanded strict rules for changes in Church
Organs were installed and singing of hymns were encouraged
Fonts were decorated
Statues and colour returned to churches
Stained glass was instilled
Communion table was moved to east end of Church, railed off from the congregation
Status of the clergy
Laud aimed to enhance the power of Church hierarchy
Campaign against unlicensed preaching was launched
Given jobs as Justices of the Peace and bishops sat on Privy Council
Star Chamber used to judge religious cases. Harsh punishments were inflicted on criticism of Laud’s reform
The Book of Sports
1618, James I published a Book of Sports
Reissued by Charles in 1633
Permitted to take part in a number of approved activerties on Sunday’s
Puritan belief and worship should only take place on Sunday
The Feoffees of Improportions
Popular practice of Puritan gentry buying the right to appoint a local minister to collect tithes from his salary
Group called Feoffees were forced to disband
Oppositions to religious reforms
Bastwick wrote a number of tracts attacking bishops
Burton was a minister whose sermons deviated from those who approved by Laud
Prynne was a lawyer who wrote the Histomatrix, 1,000 page attack on theatre and actresses in 1632
All three men were fined £5,000, imprisoned for life and ordered for ears to be cut off.
Methods of increasing revenue
Signed Treaty of Madrid in 1630 as result reduced from £500,000 to £70,000
Continued collection from Tonnage and Poundage
Ship Tax
Feudal device that was collected, raised £55,000 per annum
Issued monopolies for a fee. Monopoly on the production of soap was gonna given to a group of courtiers
Scotland 1629-40
1636, issued Book of Canons, instructions as how clergy should lay out churches and introduced preaching licences
1637, issued England Prayer Book to Scottish churches.
Disorder spread across lowlands.
1638, Scottish clergy and nobility drew National Covernant to defend their religious rights.
The First Bishops War
Quarrel with the Scots with the Prayer Book in 1637
Covenanters army were far superior and included soldiers from 30 Years War. Charles’ troops lacked enthusiasm and reluctant
Charles lacked money to fight a war and to rely on part time militias
Treaty of Berwick in 1639
Ireland
Irish Parliament- new Book of Rates and ten new subsidies granted (Wentworth)
Old and New English resented
Old- Hated policy of settling English and Scottish Protestants that once belonged to them
Promised not to interfere with lands but deal was upheld and did not uphold claims to land that conflicted
New: Resisted High Church and Arminian rule associated with Charles and Laud
The Short Parliament 1640-41
With finance lacking, Charles turned to Wentworth for advice -> Parliament called
Met in April 1640, petitions against aspects of personal rule by John Pym
Had opportunity to save situation but Charles demanded for money before he would hear demands
Parliament was dissolved after three weeks
Erosions of the royal prerogative, November 1640- April 1641
Majority of judges that sat in the prerogative courts in the 1630s were impeached
Laud was arrested and held in Tower of London from November 1640. He was executed until 1645
Strafford was arrested and subsequently charged with high treason
Triennial Act was passed in February 1641. Parliament had to be at least called once every three years
Act Against Forcible Dissolution was passed after enormous pressure. Long Parliament cannot get dissolved without its own consent
Trial and execution Strafford April-May 1641
Act of Attainder -> Parliament can operate a death warrant without trial
Pym revealed existence of plot by Catholic Army officers to release Strafford and dissolve Parliament by force.
Charles passed the Attainder under great pressured
Other steps taken to erode the prerogative
June, Tonnage and Poundage were abolished
August, Ship Money was declared illegal
Forest fines were banned
Declared illegal fines to be imposed in relations to knighthoods
Court of High Comission and Star Chamber were outlawed due to their role in enforcing Laud’s religious policies.
Slide into war, January- August 1642
In June, Nineteen Propositions were issued as a final basis for a negotiated settlement
Propositions were rejected, arguing anarchy would rise if he accepted them
In August, Charles declared war at Nottingham
First Civil War Parliarment weaknesses
Controlled London, the capital and city with the largest population
Strongest militia in 1642, highly trained and funded since 1630s, drilled by professionals
Access to loans and funding from merchants
Controlled the navy and most of the ports.
Political leadership of Parliament was relatively strong and united in 1642 and 1643 before death of John Pym
