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464 Digestive > 2. Review- Horses > Flashcards

2. Review- Horses Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of “vore”s are horses

A

Herbivores (monogastric, hidgut fermenters)

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2
Q

What animal is a horse’s GI tract similar to?

A

pigs

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3
Q

In terms of length of large and small intestine, how do horses compare to cats and dogs?

A

LI: more than 10 times as long
SI: around 6 (dogs)-10 (cats) times as long

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4
Q

How do the lengths of the large and small intestine compare in horses

A

small intestine is 2x longer than large intestine

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5
Q

Why do horses have such a long large intestine

A

Hindgut fermentation in the cecum

Microbes allow amino acids to be absorbed in the large intestine

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6
Q

What part of the large intestine is enlarged in horses

A

cecum

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7
Q

What macronutrient is best suited for horses?

A

fiber, hindgut fermentation allows for digestion, still less efficient than ruminants

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8
Q

What are the 6 causes of colic in horses

A

Gas (spasmodic)
Obstruction
Strangulation
Infarction (no bloodflow)
Inflammation
Ulcuration

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9
Q

How much do horses chew compared to cats and dogs? Why?

A

Much more (90 chews/minute)

Saliva secretion is stimulated by chewing and contains a small amount of bicarbonate

This provides a buffer against stomach acid and allows for some microbial fermentation in the stomach

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10
Q

How are horses adapted for more intense chewing

A

Many large, long molars

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11
Q

How many teeth do horses have?

A

36, 12 incisors, 12 premolars, 12 molars (+/- canines and wolf teeth)

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12
Q

How are teeth distinct in a horse that is
-2.5 years
-5 years
-10 years
-20 years

A

-Has all permanent incisors
-All permanent incisors are occluding, cups appear on bottom. All molars present
-all teeth have cups, Galvaynes groove appears
-galvaynes groove reaches the bottom of 03s, incisors are angular

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13
Q

What are the 3 regions of the stomach, what tissues are there, and what (if anything) do they secrete?

A

Esophageal region-
-Squamous epithelium

Fundic region-
-Glandular epithelium
Parietal cells: HCl
Zymogen cells: pepsin

Pyloric region-
-Glandular epithelium: gastrin

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14
Q

Where in the stomach can microbial fermentation occur

A

Esophageal and fundic regions

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15
Q

Can horses vomit? Why?

A

No. Their cardiac sphincter is too strong, so food doesnt come up when running

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16
Q

Where is gastrin secreted?

A

The stomach-> pyloric region-> glandular epithelium

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17
Q

Where is HCl secreted?

A

Stomach -> fundic region
-> glandular epithelium -> parietal cells

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18
Q

Where is pepsin secreted?

A

Stomach -> fundic region
-> glandular epithelium -> Zymogen cells

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of endothelial cells in the stomach and what do they secrete?

A

Squamous- nothing

Glandular- HCl, pepsin, gastrin

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20
Q

What is the relative emptying time of a horses stomach? How does that compare to dogs and cats?

A

120 minutes, its much shorter

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21
Q

What is the consequence of horses having a relatively short emptying time?

A

The flow of food into the SI ends shortly after feeding since there is no protein to digest. The stomach does not act as a reservoir in horses, this encourages constant grazing

22
Q

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine? What is the transit time in horses?

A

Duodenum -> jejunum -> ileum

~60 minutes

23
Q

What is digested and absorbed in the small intestine?

A

Protien, starch, fat

24
Q

What are the endocrine roles of the pancreas?

A

Insulin- promotes sugar uptake into fat stores when blood sugar is high

Glucagon- promotes fat stores releasing sugar when blood sugar is low

25
Q

What are the exocrine roles of the pancreas?

A

Secretes:
enzymes (inactive proteases, lipases, and amylases)

and

bicarbonate salts

26
Q

What is the role of the liver? What is unique about horses?

A

Produces bile. Horses have no gallbladder, it is constanly draining into the SI (because horses do not eat much fat, no reservoir needed. horses are also constantly eating)

26
Q

What does bile do?

A

Emulsifies dietary fat, activates lipases

26
Q

What is the first section of the large intestine, why is it unique in horses? What is synthesized there?

A

Cecum

It is very large (25-35L), contains a microbial population similar to ruminants that breaks down fiber

Microbial synthesis of SCFA and protein

26
Q

What is the second part of the large intestine, what are the 4 compartments and 3 flexures?

A

The large colon

Flexures:
1. Sternal flexure
2. Pelvic flexure
3. Diaphragmatic flexure

Compartments:
1. right ventral colon (sternal flexure)
2. Left vetral colon (pelvic flexure)
3. Left dorsal colon (diaphragmatic flexure)
4. Right dorsal colon

27
Q

What is the third section of the large intestine? What are the 2 segments?

A

Small colon

  1. small transverse colon
  2. distal dorsal colon
28
Q

Where does the large intestine end and connect to?

A

rectum

29
Q

What are the surface area increasing features of the small and large intestines respectively?

A

SI: Villus & crypt

LI: no villi, but deeper crypts than SI

Also increase surface area by having coils and folds

30
Q

What cells in the intestinal lumen allow nutrient transport?

A

Epithelial cells, transported into capillary bed

31
Q

What different characterisrics do amino acids have? Why is that relevant?

A

Polarity, pH, charge. May cause competition for what gets absorbed< requires different kinds of transporters.

32
Q

What are the stomach protein enzymes?

A

Pepsin: bonds within aromatic AAs at N terminus

33
Q

What are the pancreas protein enzymes?

A

Trypsin: bonds joining basic AAs
Chymotrypsin: bonds containing neutral AAs
Elastase: bonds beside small AAs
Carboxypeptidase: carboxy-terminal peptides (liberates a single AA)

34
Q

What are the intestinal protein enzymes?

A

Aminopeptidase: N-terminal of oligopeptides (liberates a singe AA or 3-6 peptides)
Dipeptidase: dipeptides (liberates free AA)
Tripeptidase: tripeptides (liberates free AA and dipeptide)

35
Q

Why can the intestinal lumen absorb both single AAs and small peptides?

A

Energy conservation, absorbing a single dipeptide takes half the energy of 2 single AAs

36
Q

When can the brush border transport protien and polypeptides?

A

Early life

37
Q

What are many small peptides transported into? What is the main protien thing entering the blood?

A

Enterocytes

Free AAs

38
Q

Why is brush border transport of proteins not limited in some species?

A

Transport of colostrum

39
Q

What type of transport is most AA transport? What is required?

A

Active, energy

40
Q

What are the pancreas carbohydrate enzymes?

A

alpha amylase: hydrolyzes starch to alpha-limit dextrins

41
Q

What are the intestinal carbohydrate enzymes?

A

Glucoamylase: hydrolyzes alpha-limit dextrins to singlue glucose units

Maltase: cleaves maltose into single glucose units

Isomaltase: hydrolyzes short chain glucose units into single glucose units

Sucrase: cleaves sucrose into fructose and glucose

42
Q

What is the general name of cells that produce incretins?

A

enteroendocrine cells

43
Q

What are the pancreatic fat enzymes?

A

Lipase: breaks down triglyceridrs into FFAs and monoglycerides

44
Q

How do fats get absorbed? Where do they drain first? What about those produced by fermentation?

A

LCFAs:
By bile salts binding, emulsifying and forming micelles (allows nonpolar molecule to pass through the polar endothelium)

Absorbed in small intestine. Drains into the lymphatic system rather than the portal vein as a chylomicron (fat = protein)

SCFA (microbial fermentation):
Can be absorbed in the large intestine

45
Q

Where are SCFAs produced? How much of a horses energy do these provide?

A

The large intestine

50-70%

Microbiome is very sensitive to dietary change

46
Q

How are SCFAs absorbed?

A

Passively, facilitated, or with symporter

47
Q

How well can horses adapt to dietary changes?

A

Not very well since they are herbivores (not omnivores)

464 Digestive (3 decks)

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