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Systemic and Cellular Pathology > 2. Renal Pathology > Flashcards

2. Renal Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is a key feature of nephrotic syndrome?
a) Hematuria
b) Proteinuria (>3.5 g/24h)
c) Increased GFR
d) Decreased blood lipid levels

A

b) Proteinuria (>3.5 g/24h)

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2
Q

What primarily causes glomerulonephritis (GN)?
a) Circulatory shock
b) Immune complex deposition in the glomerular capillaries
c) Rhabdomyolysis
d) Vasculitis

A

b) Immune complex deposition in the glomerular capillaries

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3
Q

Which stage of diabetic nephropathy is characterized by macroalbuminuria and overt proteinuria?
a) Stage 1
b) Stage 2
c) Stage 3
d) Stage 5

A

c) Stage 3

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4
Q

Which of the following is NOT a cause of pre-renal acute renal failure?
a) Septic shock
b) Dehydration
c) Urinary tract obstruction
d) Acute hemorrhage

A

c) Urinary tract obstruction

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5
Q

What is a common cause of post-renal failure?
a) Ischemia
b) Diabetic nephropathy
c) Tumors obstructing the urinary tract
d) Immune complex deposition

A

c) Tumours obstructing the urinary tract

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6
Q

In acute tubular necrosis (ATN), which part of the nephron is primarily affected?
a) Glomerulus
b) Proximal convoluted tubule and Loop of Henle
c) Distal convoluted tubule
d) Collecting duct

A

b) Proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle

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7
Q

What is the hallmark of nephritic syndrome?
a) Lipiduria
b) Hematuria
c) Hypoproteinemia
d) Increased LDL levels

A

b) Haematuria

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8
Q

Which of the following conditions is most commonly associated with end-stage renal disease?
a) Polycystic kidney disease
b) Hypertensive nephrosclerosis
c) Diabetic nephropathy
d) Interstitial nephritis

A

c) diabetic nephropathy

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9
Q

What pattern of immune complex deposition is seen in Goodpasture syndrome?
a) Granular staining pattern along capillary walls
b) Subendothelial deposits
c) Linear staining along the basement membrane
d) Electron-dense deposits scattered in the basement membrane

A

c) Linear staining along the basement membrane

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10
Q

In chronic renal failure, at what stage do ~90% of nephrons become destroyed?
a) Diminished Renal Reserve
b) Renal Insufficiency
c) End-Stage Renal Failure
d) Pre-Renal Failure

A

c) End-stage renal failure

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11
Q

Which of the following is a major systemic effect of chronic renal failure?
a) Increased GFR
b) Decreased plasma urea
c) Hyperkalemia
d) Hypophosphatemia

A

c) Hyperkalemia

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12
Q

What is the typical serum bicarbonate level in advanced renal disease with metabolic acidosis?
a) 22–36 mmol/L
b) 10–15 mmol/L
c) Below 22 mmol/L
d) Above 36 mmol/L
Correct Answer: C) Below 22 mmol/L

A

c) Below 22 mmol/L

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13
Q

Which of the following factors contributes to intrarenal acute renal failure?
a) Septic shock
b) Renal vascular occlusion
c) Nephrotoxic substances such as heavy metals
d) Tumor-induced urinary obstruction

A

c) Nephrotoxic substances such as heavy metals

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14
Q

Which of these is characteristic of nephrotic syndrome?
a) Decreased synthesis of lipoproteins
b) Increased risk of atherosclerosis
c) Decreased plasma osmotic pressure
d) Both b and c

A

d) Both b and c

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15
Q

What is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide?
a) Hypertensive nephrosclerosis
b) Polycystic kidney disease
c) Diabetic nephropathy
d) Acute tubular necrosis

A

c) Diabetic nephropathy

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16
Q

Which of the following is a potential result of post-renal failure?
a) Uraemia
b) Increased GFR
c) Proteinuria
d) Increased renal blood flow

A

a) Uraemia

17
Q

What is the primary effect of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in diabetic nephropathy?
a) Glomerular basement membrane thickening
b) Proteinuria reduction
c) Decreased oxidative stress
d) Increased podocyte proliferation

A

a) Glomerular basement membrane thickening

18
Q

Which of these toxins is associated with acute tubular necrosis?
a) Antibiotics such as streptomycin
b) Insulin
c) Antihypertensives
d) Paracetamol

A

a) Antibiotics such as streptomycin

19
Q

What is the primary reason for proteinuria in glomerulonephritis?
a) Increased glomerular capillary permeability
b) Increased nephron loss
c) Reduced renal blood flow
d) Inflammation of the renal tubules

A

a) Increased glomerular capillary permeability

20
Q

Which of the following complications is most likely in the progression of diabetic nephropathy to end-stage renal disease?
a) Uric acid nephropathy
b) Cardiovascular mortality
c) Hypoalbuminemia without proteinuria
d) Increased bone marrow activity

A

b) Cardiovascular mortality

21
Q

What is the primary diagnostic feature of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?
a) Reduced GFR (<5–10 ml/min)
b) Proteinuria (>3.5g/24h)
c) Macroalbuminuria
d) Decreased sympathetic activity

A

a) Reduced GFR (<5-10 ml/min)

22
Q

Which cells in the glomerulus regulate blood flow through glomerular capillaries?
a) Podocytes
b) Endothelial cells
c) Mesangial cells
d) Basal cells

A

c) Mesangial cells

23
Q

What histological feature is characteristic of membranous glomerulonephritis under electron microscopy?
a) Linear IgG staining along the basement membrane
b) Granular immune deposits within the thickened basement membrane
c) Mesangial cell hyperplasia
d) Complete absence of filtration slits

A

b) Granular immune deposits within the thickened basement membrane

24
Q

Which of the following is NOT a direct contributor to acute renal failure?
a) Rhabdomyolysis
b) Vasculitis
c) Hypertension
d) Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

c) Hypertension

25
Q

Which of the following complications is most associated with nephrotic syndrome?

a) Hypotension
b) Increased risk of thrombosis
c) Hyperkalemia
d) Hypoglycemia

A

b) Increased risk of thrombosis

26
Q

What is the most likely cause of nephritic syndrome in post-infectious glomerulonephritis?
a) Linear IgG deposition
b) Granular immune complex deposition in capillary walls and mesangium
c) Thickened basement membrane spikes
d) Antibody light chain deposition

A

b) Granular immune complex deposition in capillary walls and mesangium

27
Q

Which renal structure is primarily affected in diabetic nephropathy?
a) Loop of Henle
b) Proximal convoluted tubule
c) Glomerulus
d) Collecting duct

A

c) Glomerulus

28
Q

What condition is commonly associated with rhabdomyolysis?

A) Nephrotic syndrome
B) Myoglobin-induced renal toxicity
C) Septic shock
D) Glomerulonephritis

A

b) Myoglobin-induced renal toxicity

29
Q

What is the significance of decreased serum bicarbonate in renal disease?

a) It indicates metabolic alkalosis
b) It reflects the development of metabolic acidosis
c) It signals reduced sympathetic activity
d) It is a sign of dehydration

A

b) It reflects the development of metabolic acidosis

30
Q

Which stage of chronic renal failure involves loss of over 90% of nephrons?
a) Diminished Renal Reserve
b) Renal Insufficiency
c) End-Stage Renal Failure
d) Pre-Renal Failure

A

c) End-stage renal failure

31
Q

Which renal disease is most commonly caused by bacterial endotoxins in septic shock?
a) Pre-renal acute kidney injury
b) Glomerulonephritis
c) Acute tubular necrosis
d) Post-renal failure

A

c) Acute tubular necrosis

32
Q

Which syndrome is associated with the presence of RBCs in the urine?
a) Nephrotic syndrome
b) Nephritic syndrome
c) Acute tubular necrosis
d) Chronic renal failure

A

b) Nephritic syndrome

33
Q

What is a common clinical feature of polycystic kidney disease?
a) Hematuria
b) Proteinuria
c) Cystic lesions in the kidneys
d) Increased urine concentration

A

c) Cystic lesions in the kidneys

34
Q

What symptom is characteristic of uraemia in renal failure?
a) Elevated serum creatinine
b) Decreased LDL levels
c) Increased serum bicarbonate
d) Decreased serum potassium

A

a) Elevated serum creatine

35
Q

Which condition increases the risk of atherosclerosis in nephrotic syndrome?
a) Lipiduria
b) Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
c) Increased LDL levels due to compensatory protein synthesis in the liver
d) Reduced circulating volume

A

c) Increased LDL levels due to compensatory protein synthesis in the liver

36
Q

What is a key characteristic of acute tubular necrosis caused by toxic substances?
a) Proteinuria
b) Ischemic necrosis of proximal tubule cells
c) Subendothelial immune deposits
d) Reduced podocyte density
Correct Answer: B) Ischemic necrosis of proximal tubule cells

A

b) Ischemic necrosis of proximal tubule cells

37
Q

What is the major outcome of increased sympathetic activity in pre-renal failure?
a) Decreased renal perfusion
b) Increased urine output
c) Improved GFR
d) Reduced aldosterone levels

A

a) Decreased renal perfusion

38
Q

What stage of chronic renal failure is associated with diminished renal reserve?
a) Stage 1
b) Stage 2
c) Stage 3
d) Stage 4

A

a) Stage 1

Systemic and Cellular Pathology (5 decks)

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