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Systemic and Cellular Pathology > 1. Cellular Pathology > Flashcards

1. Cellular Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is an example of a congenital disease?
a) Tuberculosis
b) Colour blindness
c) Diabetes mellitus
d) Rheumatoid arthritis

A

b) Colour blindness

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2
Q

Cystic fibrosis is categorized as a:
a) Dominant condition
b) Recessive condition
c) Acquired condition
d) Environmental condition

A

b) Recessive condition

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3
Q

What is the primary cause of ATP deletion in cells?
a) Increased free radicals
b) Calcium pump failure
c) Oxygen deficiency
d) Lysosomal enzyme activation

A

c) Oxygen deficiency

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4
Q

What cellular adaptation involves an increase in the size of cells?
a) Hyperplasia
b) Hypertrophy
c) Atrophy
d) Dysplasia

A

b) Hypertrophy

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5
Q

What type of adaptation occurs when tissues change to a new stable type better suited to handle stress?
a) Dysplasia
b) Metaplasia
c) Hyperplasia
d) Hypertrophy

A

b) Metaplasia

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6
Q

Which of the following is NOT a feature of apoptosis?
a) Activation of the inflammatory response
b) Intact plasma membrane
c) No leakage of cell contents
d) Removal of unnecessary cells

A

a) Activation of the inflammatory response

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7
Q

Which type of tumour is well-differentiated and does not invade adjacent tissues?
a) Malignant tumour
b) Benign tumour
c) Metastatic tumour
d) Secondary tumour

A

b) Benign tumour

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8
Q

What is the process by which tumour cells develop a new blood supply?
a) Metastasis
b) Dysplasia
c) Angiogenesis
d) Hyperplasia

A

c) Angiogenesis

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9
Q

Which of the following systems helps scavenge free radicals?
a) Calcium pumps
b) Superoxide dismutase
c) Lysosomal enzymes
d) Caspases

A

b) Superoxide dismutase

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10
Q

Free radicals can cause cell damage by:
a) Reducing cytosolic calcium levels
b) Peroxidation of membrane lipids
c) Decreasing mitochondrial permeability
d) Enhancing ATP production

A

b) Peroxidation of membrane lipids

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11
Q

Which discipline of pathology investigates changes in tissues or cells?
a) Haematology
b) Histopathology
c) Microbiology
d) Toxicology

A

b) Histopathology

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12
Q

Which of the following is a pathological response to chronic cigarette smoking?
a) Metaplasia of bronchial columnar cells to squamous cells
b) Hyperplasia of bladder epithelium
c) Hypertrophy of lung parenchyma
d) Apoptosis of fibrocollagenous tissue

A

a) Metaplasia of bronchial columnar cells to squamous cells

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13
Q

Which mechanism is responsible for reducing cell size during atrophy?
a) Angiogenesis
b) Autophagy
c) Apoptosis
d) Hyperplasia

A

b) Autophagy

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14
Q

What is a physiological example of hypertrophy?
a) Muscle growth due to exercise
b) Thyroid gland in pregnancy
c) Epidermal thickening in psoriasis
d) Chronic hepatitis-induced liver fibrosis

A

a) Muscle growth due to exercise

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15
Q

What type of cellular injury leads to the activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway?
a) Excessive free radical production
b) Protein misfolding or damage
c) Calcium ion imbalance
d) Apoptosis

A

b) Protein misfolding or damage

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16
Q

What is a characteristic feature of necrosis compared to apoptosis?
a) Plasma membrane remains intact
b) No inflammatory response
c) Cellular contents leak out
d) No damage to neighboring cells

A

c) Cellular contents leak out

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17
Q

Which organelle is highly susceptible to almost all injurious stimuli?
a) Nucleus
b) Mitochondria
c) Lysosome
d) Ribosome

A

b) Mitochondria

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18
Q

What type of genetic mutation is responsible for converting proto-oncogenes into oncogenes?
a) Deletions
b) Overactivation mutations
c) Loss-of-function mutations
d) Duplication of tumour suppressor genes

A

b) Overactivation mutations

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19
Q

Which type of tumour is likely to spread to distant sites?
a) Benign tumour
b) Malignant tumour
c) Neoplasm with hyperplasia
d) Tumour with hypertrophy

A

b) Malignant tumour

20
Q

Tumour cells secrete which of the following to promote angiogenesis?
a) Cytokines
b) Proteases
c) Angiogenesis factors
d) Antioxidants

A

c) Angiogenesis factors

21
Q

Which of the following is an example of a reactive oxygen species?
a) Carbon monoxide
b) Hydrogen peroxide
c) Nitrogen
d) Calcium ions

A

b) Hydrogen peroxide

22
Q

Uncontrolled cytosolic calcium levels can lead to:
a) Increased ATP production
b) Caspase activation and cell death
c) Stabilization of membrane proteins
d) Enhanced mitochondrial function

A

b) Caspase activation and cell death

23
Q

Which of the following is a physical carcinogen?
a) UV radiation
b) Cigarette tars
c) Hepatitis B virus
d) Oestrogens

A

a) UV radiation

24
Q

Tumour suppressor genes like p53 function by:
a) Stimulating angiogenesis
b) Promoting cell growth
c) Halting or reducing tumour formation
d) Inducing mutations in oncogenes

A

c) Halting or reducing tumour formation

25
Q

Which of the following are examples of congenital diseases? (Select all that apply)
a) Colour blindness
b) Albinism
c) Diabetes mellitus
d) Huntington’s disease

A

a) Colour blindness
b) Albinism
c) Huntington’s disease

26
Q

Which of the following describe cellular adaptations to stress? (Select all that apply)
a) Metaplasia
b) Dysplasia
c) Hyperplasia
d) Necrosis

A

a) Metaplasia
c) Hyperplasia

27
Q

Which of the following are examples of physiological cellular hypertrophy? (Select all that apply)
a) Muscle growth from exercise
b) Thyroid gland changes during pregnancy
c) Bone remodeling in Paget’s disease
d) Cardiac muscle changes in hypertension

A

a) Muscle growth from exercise
b) Thyroid gland changes during pregnancy

28
Q

Which of the following are mechanisms of cellular injury caused by ATP depletion? (Select all that apply)
a) Failure of calcium pumps
b) Increased mitochondrial activity
c) Uncontrolled enzyme activation
d) Membrane damage from free radicals

A

a) Failure of calcium pumps
c) Uncontrolled enzyme activation

29
Q

Which of the following are features of apoptosis? (Select all that apply)
a) Intact plasma membrane
b) Leakage of cell contents
c) No inflammatory response
d) Activation of caspases

A

a) Intact plasma membrane
c) No inflammatory response
d) Activation of caspases

30
Q

Which of the following are sources of reactive oxygen species in cells? (Select all that apply)
a) Paracetamol metabolism
b) Mitochondrial respiration
c) Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway
d) Exposure to ionizing radiation

A

a) Paracetamol metabolism
b) Mitochondrial respiration
d) Exposure to ionizing radiation

31
Q

Which of the following are protective mechanisms against free radicals? (Select all that apply)
a) Vitamin E
b) Superoxide dismutase
c) Lysosomal enzymes
d) Antioxidant systems

A

a) Vitamin E
b) Superoxide dismutase
d) Antioxidant systems

32
Q

Which of the following are characteristics of malignant tumours? (Select all that apply)
a) Poorly differentiated cells
b) Inability to invade surrounding tissues
c) Capability to metastasize
d) Rapid growth rate

A

a) Poorly differentiated cells
c) Capability to metastasize
d) Rapid growth rate

33
Q

Which of the following are examples of carcinogens? (Select all that apply)
a) Asbestos
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Aromatic amines
d) Calcium ions

A

a) Asbestos
b) Hepatitis B virus
c) Aromatic amines

34
Q

What is the term for the process where tumour cells spread to distant sites?
a) Hyperplasia
b) Metaplasia
c) Metastasis
d) Neoplasia

A

c) Metastasis

35
Q

Which of the following genes are responsible for regulating normal cell growth and differentiation?
a) Oncogenes
b) Tumour suppressor genes
c) Proto-oncogenes
d) Angiogenesis factors

A

c) Proto-oncogenes

36
Q

What is the primary role of tumour suppressor genes?
a) Promote uncontrolled cell division
b) Encode growth factors for tumour growth
c) Prevent or halt tumour formation
d) Stimulate angiogenesis

A

c) Prevent or halt tumour formation

37
Q

Which of the following describes benign tumours?
a) Rapid growth and poor differentiation
b) Invasion of surrounding tissues
c) Limited growth and well-differentiated cells
d) Frequent metastasis

A

c) Limited growth and well-differentiated cells

38
Q

Which of the following is an example of a viral carcinogen?
a) Hepatitis B virus
b) Asbestos
c) UV radiation
d) Nitrosamines

A

a) Hepatitis B virus

39
Q

Which of the following mechanisms is associated with carcinogenesis?
a) Overexpression of proto-oncogenes
b) Loss of activity in tumour suppressor genes
c) Increased levels of antioxidants
d) Controlled activation of caspases

A

b) Loss of activity in tumour suppressor gene

40
Q

Which of the following is a pre-neoplastic condition?
a) Hyperplasia of bone marrow
b) Chronic gastritis
c) Glandular atrophy
d) Metastatic colon cancer

A

b) Chronic gastritis

41
Q

Which factor determines tumour growth rate?
a) Death rate of tumour cells
b) Number of tumour cells in the growth cycle
c) Nutrient availability via angiogenesis
d) All of the above

A

d) All of the above

42
Q

Which of the following best explains the role of p53 in cancer prevention?
a) Promotes angiogenesis to repair damaged tissue
b) Prevents DNA repair to eliminate damaged cells
c) Induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to DNA damage
d) Activates oncogenes to suppress tumour formation

A

c) Induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to DNA damage

43
Q

Which mutation in the RAS proto-oncogene contributes to tumour formation?
a) Loss-of-function mutation
b) Gain-of-function mutation
c) Frameshift mutation preventing protein translation
d) Silent mutation in coding regions

A

b) Gain-of-function mutation

44
Q

Which of the following properties differentiate malignant from benign tumours?
a) Both exhibit angiogenesis
b) Only malignant tumours can metastasize
c) Benign tumours invade surrounding tissues
d) Malignant tumours have limited proliferative capacity

A

b) Only malignant tumours can metastasize

45
Q

Which of the following genetic alterations are commonly associated with hereditary cancer syndromes?
a) Mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes
b) Gain-of-function mutations in RAS
c) Loss-of-function mutations in p53
d) Epigenetic silencing of VEGF

A

a) Mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes

Systemic and Cellular Pathology (5 decks)

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