2. Psychological Development and principles of Psychotherapy Flashcards
What are psychodynamics?
Collective aggregate of conscious and unconscious factors that influence personality, behavior and attitudes.
“Internal discussion”
What is psychoanalysis?
Method of treating mental and emotional disorders based around revealing and investigating the role of unconscious and conscious psychological processes
What is psychotherapy?
Use of verbal methods to influence another person’s mental and emotional state.
What are the pieces of Freudian Theory?
Id
Ego
Superego
Ego Defense
What is the Id?
“Greedy inner child”
Primal instincts and desires seeking gratification and pleasure. Think sexual.
What is the Superego?
Quest for perfection, conscience
Image of what we want to be based off of philosophical and moral ideals
What is the Ego?
Grown up self
The reason, self control, and compromise that balances consequences with desire for gratification.
What are ego defense mechanisms?
Strategies to reduce anxiety from thoughts and desires
What is a mature ego defense?
One that doesn’t compromise other functioning
What is a primitive ego defense?
Irrational immature behavior that can be dysfunctional.
What determines the type of ego defense used?
Psychological maturity
Developmental maturity
Intensity of distress or anxiety
What is a Regression Ego defense mechanism?
Retreating to an earlier stage of development
What is a Denial Ego defense mechanism?
Behaving as though things are different than they really are, can border on delusion
What is the projection ego defense mechanism?
Attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings to another person, can be used as an excuse for one’s feelings.
What is an intellectualization ego defense mechanism?
Focusing on minor, often unimportant details of a situation rather than addressing the main, central conflict
What is a Repression Ego defense mechanism?
Placing disagreeable or unacceptable thoughts in the subconsious mind rather than dealing with them
What is a Displacement Ego defense mechanism?
Expressing feelings or impulses toward one person or group onto another person or object that is less threatening.
What is a rationalizing Ego defense mechanism?
Interpreting an event by cognitively distorting the facts and making excuses or lying to ourselves
What is a Dissociation Ego defense mechanism?
Disconnecting from a stressful situation by pursuing an alternative reality. May be associated with a fantasy world or daydream
What is a Reaction Formation Ego defense mechanism?
A person goes beyond denial and acts opposite to what they think or feel, may occur if you have tow conflicting emotions close together
What is a Supression Ego defense mechanism?
Repression except thoughts are put into the subconscious intentionally and are usually dealt with at a later date. (Mature and effective)
What is a Sublimation Ego defense mechanism?
Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially appropriate activities allowing one to use the energy in better ways (Mature and effective)
What is reality testing?
Distinguishes what is happening in one’s own mind from what is going on in the outside world.
What is impulse control?
Managing impulses without immediate discharge through behavior of symptoms.
What is affect regulation?
Modulating feelings without being overwhelmed
What is judgement?
Acting responsibly by identifying potential course of actions , anticipating and evaluating consequences and deciding on a course of action
What is synthetic functioning?
Organizing and unifying other functions within the personality
What is the Erik Erikson theory of ego psychology?
Each person goes through 8 stages throughout their lifetime each with a specific issue, environment, central questions and virtue.
What is Erik Erikson’s theory based off of?
Relationships, rather than sexual impulses/drive
What is self derived from?
Their perception of their identity, personal awareness and personal experiences, including self esteem
What are the pros of psychodynamic theory?
Focus on how the past can influence the present behavior
Acknowledges the impact of the subconscious
Therapy does seem to help many patients.
What are the cons of psychodynamic theory?
Ignores biological components
Depends on therapist interpretation
Can focus too much on the past, under-emphasizing the present
Not scientifically proven
What is the humanistic perspective?
Belief that humans are basically good and will mature in to emotionally healthy adults. Any failure is due to caregivers
What treatment is used in the humanistic perspective?
Client centered therapy
Nourishes the natural development and encourages self actualization
What is the behaviorist perspective?
Belief that the behavior is determined by the environment and we are born a blank state
What is. the goal in behaviorist therapy?
Alter offensive stimuli or recondition the patient to choose constructive behaviors
What is cognitive theory?
Theory that all thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are connected
What is behavioral theory?
Looks at people’s learned behaviors and how the environment has an impact on those behaviors
What are automatic thoughts?
Thoughts triggered by the day’s events
What are irrational assumptions?
Distorted assumptions that people hold about the world themselves without being aware of them
What is arbitrary inference?
Drawing unwarranted conclusions on the basis of little or no evidence
What is selective abstraction?
Drawing conclusions on the basis of a single piece of data while ignoring contradictory data
What is personalization?
Taking the blame for something that is clearly not one’s fault
What is overgeneralization?
Drawing a general conclusion on the basis of a single, sometimes insignificant event
What is magnification?
overestimating the importance of negative events
What is minimization?
underestimating the importance of positive events
What is the hierarchy of needs?
The idea that basic needs must be fulfilled before one can advance on to the next level
What is classic conditioning?
A response that occurs naturally in response to one stimulus will eventually occur in response to an unrelated stimulus if the two stimuli occur together consistently
What is the unconditioned stimulus?
Stimulus that produces a response without conditioning
(altoid)
What is the unconditioned response?
Response to unconditioned stimulus
(hand out for mint)
What is the conditioned stimulus?
A neutral stimulus that later elicits a response
(computer start up sound)
What is the conditioned response?
A response to a conditioned stimulus
Hand extended, need for a mint
What is generalization?
When stimuli that have not been conditioned produce the same response as the CS because they are physically or functionally similar to the original CS
What is extinction?
The process of unlearning a conditioned response so that the CS no longer produces the CR
What is positive reinforcement?
Stimulus increases the probability of the behavior occurring in the future
What is negative reinforcement?
Removal of already present aversive stimulus increases the probability of the behavior occurring in the future
What is punishment?
Application of aversive stimulus after a behavior decreases the behavior
What is response cost?
Removing a positive reinforcer decreases the behavior
What is discriminative stimuli?
Stimuli that signal the availability of reinforcement
What is extinction?
Occurs when behavior is no longer reinforced. Rate depends on the history of reinforcement. Can be continuous or intermittent.
What is secondary reward conditioning?
Instrumental behavior to get a stimulus has no usefulness itself but has been associated with a significant stimulus.
What is avoidance conditioning?
Response to a cue is instrumental in avoiding a painful or otherwise harmful or negative experience.
