2) Properties of matter

Question 1

Physical properties of a substance

Answer 1

its characteristics we can measure without changing it into a different substance

Question 2

Chemical properties of a substance

Answer 2

associated with the chemical changes it undergoes when mixed with other substances / heated / exposed to light. They are properties that involve the change of the substance into a different substance

Question 3

Acid

Answer 3

a substance that forms hydrogen ions H+ when dissolved in water

Question 4

Base

Answer 4

a substance that forms hydroxide ions OH- when dissolved in water

Question 5

Melting point of a solid

Answer 5

the lowest temperature at which the solid changes to a liquid

Question 6

Freezing point of a liquid

Answer 6

the highest temperature which a liquid can be converted to a solid

Freezing point of a liquid = melting point of a solid

Question 7

Boiling point of a liquid

Answer 7

the lowest temperature at which the liquid boils at the stated pressure

Question 8

Normal boiling point

Answer 8

used to refer to the boiling point at a pressure of 100.0kPa

Question 9

Volatile

Answer 9

easily converted to vapour, or that evaporating occurs quite rapidly

Question 10

Non-volatile

Answer 10

not easily converted to a vapour, or the evaporation is quite slow (solids are non-volatile)

Question 11

Vapour

Answer 11

a gas that is easily liquified or condensed; it is a gas that is close to its boiling point

Question 12

Density

Answer 12

Mass per unit volume

Destiny = mass / volume

Question 13

(1) Decantation

Answer 13

BASED ON DENSITY (immiscible liquids / mixtures w suspensions)

process of carefully pouring off the liquid or suspension and leaving a solid (denser particles) undisturbed at the bottom of the container

Question 14

Sedimentation

Answer 14

the process in which solids settle to the bottom of a container

Question 15

Immiscible

Answer 15

Not forming a homogeneous mixture when mixed (heterogeneous)

Generally separated using a separating funnel

Question 16

Miscible

Answer 16

liquids that mix to form a homogenous liquid

Question 17

Centrifuge

Answer 17

BASED ON DENSITY (usually fluids or fluid/solid mixtures)

Centrifugal force pushed more dense (‘heavier’) objects to the outer edge of the orbital movement, which are then separated by decantation

Question 18

(2) Magnetic separation

Answer 18

BASED ON MANGETIC NATURE

the magnetic component is attracted to a sufficiently strong magnet to remove it and lifts out of the mixture

Question 19

(3) Evaporation / crystallisation

Answer 19

BASED ON BOILING POINT (finding the solid)

Evaporation: allows the solvent to vaporise from a solution in the natural environment to retain the solid solute

Crystallisation: forcing the evaporation by applying heat to rapidly drive off the solvent while retaining the solid solute

Question 20

Evaporation to dryness

Answer 20

heating a solution in an evaporating basin to remove all the solvent. It is a common way of obtaining a solid from a solution

Question 21

(4) Filtration

Answer 21

BASED ON PARTICLE SIZE/PHASE (insoluble substances separated from liquid mixtures)

the liquid of solution poured into a filter funnel, passes through the filter paper while the suspended solid of much larger particle size remains on the top of the filter paper. flask beneath will collect the filtrate.

A sieve could also be used

Question 22

Filtrate

Answer 22

the liquid or solution that passes through the filter paper

Question 23

Sieve

Answer 23

device that allows particles smaller than a particular size to pass through while holding back larger particles. process called sieving

Question 24

Separating funnel

Answer 24

Pear shaped apparatus allows us to run out the bottom liquid without getting it contaminated with any of the top liquid

Question 25

(5) Distillation

Answer 25

BASED ON BOILING POINT (separtes misicble liquids from solution) the process where a solution or mixture of liquids is boiling, with the vapour formed being condensed back to a liquid in a different part of the apparatus and so separated from the mixture

Question 26

Distillate

Answer 26

the liquid collected during distillation

Question 27

Fractional distillation

Answer 27

a mixture of liquids is separated by being put through many successive distillations (vaporisations and condensations) in one piece of equipment, where eventually a pure sample of the more volatile substance in the original mixture emerges

Question 28

Gravimetric analysis

Answer 28

determining the quantities (masses) of substances present in a sample (analysis by mass) To carry out, we need to determine the mass of each component present in the mixture- often involves separation techniques

Question 29

Percentage composition formula

Answer 29

mass % = (mass of compound) / (mass of mixture) x 100/1

Question 30

Common properties of metals

Answer 30

* solid at room temperature * have a shiny or lustrous appearance * good conductors of heat and electricity * are malleable (able to be rolled into sheets) and ductile (able to be drawn into wires)

Question 31

Common properties of nonmetals

Answer 31

* solids or gases at room temperature (except one liquid, bromine) * generally have dull non-lustrous appearance (except diamond, form of carbon) * generally poor conductors of heat and electricity (although graphite, form of carbon is a moderately good conductor) * are neither malleable or ductile

Question 32

Semimetals (metalloids)

Answer 32

have properties of both metals and non-metal

Question 33

Groups

Answer 33

Vertical columns on the periodic table. Numbered 1-18

Question 34

Main-group elements

Answer 34

Elements in groups 3 - 12 are transition metals, the remaining elements are called main-group elements

Question 35

Periods

Answer 35

Horiztonal rows on the periodic table. Numbered 1-7

Question 36

List separation techniques and the properties they're based on

Answer 36

1. Decantation (density) 2. Magnetic separation (magnetic nature) 3. Evaporation/crystallisation (boiling point) 4. Filtration (particle size/phase) 5. Distillation (boiling point)