2. prokaryotic cells and viruses Flashcards

1
Q

cytoplasm?

A

no membrane bound organelles (unlike eukaryote)

has ribosomes but smaller than in a eukaryote (70s vs 80s)

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2
Q

flagellum?

A

long hair like structure that rotates to make cell move

not all have a flagellum, some have more than 1

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3
Q

nucleus?

A
no
DNA floats free in cytoplasm 
circular DNA (one coiled up strand) not attached to any histone proteins
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4
Q

plasmids?

A

small loops of DNA
not always present
contain genes for things like antibiotic resistance
can be passed between prokaryotes

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5
Q

plasma membrane?

A

yes

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6
Q

cell wall?

A

yes

supports cell prevents it changing shape. made of polymer murein (a glycoprotein - protein with carbohydrate attached)

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7
Q

capsule?

A

in some prokaryotes
made of slime
helps protect bacteria

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8
Q

viruses are

A

Acellular
nucleic acids surrounded by protein
not alive

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9
Q

how are viruses different to bacteria

A

smaller

have no plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes

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10
Q

why are viruses known as host cells

A

all viruses invade and reproduce inside cells of other organisms

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11
Q

structure of viruses

A

contain core of genetic material either DNA or RNA
protein coat around core is called capsid
attachment proteins stick out from edge of capsid letting viruses cling to suitable host

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12
Q

how to prokaryotic cells replicate?

A

by binary fission

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13
Q

how does binary fission work

A
  1. circular DNA and plasmids replicate. main DNA loop replicated once but plasmids can be replicated lots of times
  2. cell gets bigger and DNA loop moves to opposite poles of the cell
  3. cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell walls begin to form
  4. cytoplasm divides and 2 daughter cells produced. each daughter cell has one copy of DNA but can have variable copies of plasmids
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14
Q

how do viruses replicate

A
  1. use attachment proteins to bind to complimentary receptor protein on surface of host cells
  2. different viruses have different receptor proteins therefore require different host cells. as a result some viruses can only infect 1 type of cell
  3. not alive - don’t undergo cell division. inject DNA or RNA into host cell. the cell then replicates viral particles using its own organelles / proteins
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