2 Progress, Protest & Radicalism, 1960-75

Question 1

<p>How did the <b>Greensboro Sit-Ins</b> start?</p>

Answer 1

<p>On the 1^st Ferbruary 1960, 4 African Amrican students sat at a segregated lunch counter. They were not served and were asked to leave but stayed until closing time.</p>

Question 2

<p>How did the Greenboro Sit-ins spread?</p>

Answer 2

<p>Within 3 days, 300 students joined the protest. It had huge publicity and inspired sit-ins in other places. Over 50,000 people were involved in the Greensboro sit-ins by April</p>

Question 3

<p>How did the <b>SNCC</b> help in the Greensboro sit-ins?</p>

Answer 3

<p>The <b>Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</b> was set up to train the students to do sit-ins.</p>

Question 4

<p>How did the <b>Freedom Rides</b> start?</p>

Answer 4

<p>In December 1960, the Supreme Court declared that all state transport and facilities should desegregate. 13 CORE Activists (7 black &amp; 6 white) tested these laws by taking a bus from Washington DC to the South</p>

Question 5

<p>How did the Southerners retaliate to the Freedom Rides?</p>

Answer 5

<p>When the first bus reached Anniston, Alabama they were attacked by 100 KKK members who firebombed the bus and the passengers narrowly escaped</p>

<p>The second bus drove on to Birmingham where they were also beaten by the KKK</p>

Question 6

<p>How many freedom rides took place?</p>

Answer 6

<p>60 Freedom Rides took place and in total 300 riders were arrested</p>

Question 7

<p>When did the Supreme Court order that all state transport and facilities should be desegregated?</p>

Answer 7

<p>December 1960</p>

Question 8

<p>Who was <b>James Meredith</b>?</p>

Answer 8

<p>James Meredith was an African American student who was refused entry into the University of Mississippi in 1961. The Supreme Court ordered he should be admitted into the University in 1962 after the NAACP argued he was rejected because he was black</p>

Question 9

<p>How did the WCC try to stop James Meridith from addmiting to the University?</p>

Answer 9

<p>The Governer of Mississippi and the University officials ignored the orders and physically stopped him from entering. He was attacked by a mob and Kennedy had to send in 500 federal officials to protect him whilst registering.</p>

Question 10

<p>What was Campaign C in Birmingham, Alabama?</p>

Answer 10

<p>Campaign C was a campaign led by the SNCC and SCLC which aimed to end segregation by provoking white violence to gain support</p>

Question 11

<p>What did the 'C' in Campaign C stand for?</p>

Answer 11

<p>The 'C' stood for Confrontation</p>

Question 12

<p>When did Campaign C take place?</p>

Answer 12

<p>Campaign C took place in 1963</p>

Question 13

<p>What methods were used in Campaign C?</p>

Answer 13

<p>The Methods in Birmingham included sit-ins, boycotts and peaceful marches</p>

Question 14

<p>How many people marched in Birmingham and of which how many were arrested?</p>

Answer 14

<p>6,000 people took place in the marches and 900 were arrested</p>

Question 15

<p>When did the March on Washington take place?</p>

Answer 15

<p>The March on Washiongton took place in August 1963</p>

Question 16

<p>Why did the Protestors March on Washington?</p>

Answer 16

<p>The protesters marched for <b>jobs</b> and <b>freedom</b></p>

Question 17

<p>How many took part in the March on Washington?</p>

Answer 17

<p>250,000 people took part in the March on Washington, with 40,000 of them white. It was the largest political protest in US history</p>

Question 18

<p>What was <b>Freedom Summer</b>?</p>

Answer 18

<p>Freedom Summer was a project set up by the SNCC &amp; CORE where 1,000 volunteers went to Mississippi to work in projects in the black community. These projects included teaching in schools and teaching black people on how to pass the voter registration tests</p>

Question 19

<p>When did Freedom Summer take place?</p>

Answer 19

<p>Freedom Summer took place in 1964</p>

Question 20

<p>What was the <b>Mississippi Murders</b>?</p>

Answer 20

<p>On the 4^th June 1964, two CORE activists (one white and one black) and a white volunteer were arrested but later released. On their way home, they were abducted by the KKK and murdered. Their bodies weren't found until the 4^th August</p>

Question 21

<p>When was the <b>Civil Rights Act</b> passed?</p>

Answer 21

<p>The Civil Rights Act was passed on 2^nd July 1964</p>

Question 22

<p>Which President passed the Civil Rights Act?</p>

Answer 22

<p>The Civil Rights Act was passed by President Johnson</p>

Question 23

<p>What did the Civil Rights Act introduce?</p>

Answer 23

<ul><li>Bans on discriminatory voter registration tests</li><li>Bans on discrimination in public spaces and multi-state businesses</li><li>Bans on job discrimination</li><li>An Equal Opportunities Commission to enforce employment equality</li><li>Government ability to force desegregation in schools</li><li>Government ability to remove funding from discriminating state projects</li></ul>

Question 24

<p>When was the <b>Voting Rights Act</b> passed?</p>

Answer 24

<p>The Voting Rights Act was passed on the 6^th August 1965</p>

Question 25

<p>Which President passed the Voting Rights Act?</p>

Answer 25

<p>The Voting Rights Act was passed by President Johnson</p>

Question 26

<p>What did the Voting Rights Act set up?</p>

Answer 26

<ul><li>A single voter registration requirement that would be enforced by federal government. States could only set extra qualification rules with federal approval</li><li>Federal officials to organise voter registration in states with under 50% of those eligible to vote actually registered, and any other state they saw necessary</li></ul>

Question 27

<p>What did President Kennedy do to help African Americans?</p>

Answer 27

President Kennedy:

<ul><li>Appointed black people to high level jobs</li><ul><li>E.g. Thurgood Marshall in the courts</li></ul><li>Pressed for the Civil Rights Laws, but was assassinated before it was passed</li><li>Used executive orders to send federal troops to Ole’ Miss (University of Mississippi) to help James Meredith</li><li>Used personal pressure to get escorts for the Freedom Riders</li></ul>

Question 28

<p>What did President Kennedy do to help African Americans?</p>

Answer 28

President Johnson:

<ul><li>Appointed black people to high-level jobs</li><ul><li>E.g. Thurgood Marshall in the Supreme Court</li></ul><li>Passed the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Act</li><li>Used executive orders to federalise state troops to escort the Selma marchers to safety</li><li>Used personal pressure to get Southern politicians to support the Civil Rights bill through his good relations with the Dixiecrats</li></ul>

Question 29

<p>Why did the SCLC go to Selma in 1965?</p>

Answer 29

<p>The SCLC and Martin Luther King went to Selma, Alabama in 1965 to increase registration and protest against the unfair registration tests</p>

<p>In Selma, more black people were eligible to vote than black people but only 1% of African Americans were actually registered due to their being a large WCC population in Alabama</p>

Question 30

<p>What was Bloody Sunday in Selma?</p>

Answer 30

<p>On the 7^th March 1965, protestors started to march from Selma to Montgomery but were stopped outside Selma by state troopers. These state troopers used electric cattle prods and tear gas against the protestors.</p>

Question 31

<p>How did President Johnson help the protestors in Selma?</p>

Answer 31

<p>President Johnson ordered the state national guard to be put under federal control and escort the protestors safely to Montgomery</p>

Question 32

<p>Who was Malcom X?</p>

Answer 32

<p>Malcom X was a Nation of Islam campaigner who was frustrated by a lack of progress non-violent protest had made</p>

Question 33

<p>What were Malcom X's beliefs?</p>

Answer 33

<ul><li>Rejected integration as pointless, as he thought white people would never accept black equality</li><li>Wanted black people to have separate but equal facilities</li><li>Believed in black nationalism- the idea that black people needed their own nation</li><li>Accepted the possibility of using violence to gain equality, but only in self-defence</li></ul>

Question 34

<p>What was <b>Black Power</b>?</p>

Answer 34

<p>Black Power was a slogan used by radical groups who disagreed with Martin Luther King's non-violent direct action</p>

Question 35

<p>What were the aims of the Black Power movement?</p>

Answer 35

<p>They aimed to:
</p>

<ul><li>Increase pride in black history and culture</li><li>Make black people self-sufficient and not need help from white people</li><li>Work against forced integration</li></ul>

Question 36

<p>What were the resons for the growth in Black Power?</p>

Answer 36

<ul><li>The progress in Civil Rights seemed slow<ul><li>The Civil rights and Voting Rights Act made little difference in the Deep South</li></ul></li><li>Many Civil Rights campaigners started to focus on other things, such as the Vietnam war, and people felt abandoned due to this lack of focus</li><li>The conditions in ghettos was getting worse</li><li>There was continued discrimination in education and jobs</li><li>It was appealing to the youth through a sense of pride in their heritage</li><li>The Black Power movement was successful on local issues such as equal opportunities employment</li></ul>

Question 37

<p>Who was <b>Stokely Carmichael</b>?</p>

Answer 37

<p>Stokely Carmichael was a civil rights activist who was elected as chairman of the SNCC in 1966. He moved away from non-violent direct action and started to introduce more Black Power supporters who ran campaigns in ghettos</p>

Question 38

<p>What was the March Against Fear?</p>

Answer 38

<p>In Mississippi in June 1966, James Meredith started the March Against Fear to protest against the violence black Americans in the South faced</p>

Question 39

<p>What happened in the 1968 Mexico Olympics?</p>

Answer 39

<p>Two African Americans won gold and bronze medals in the 200m race. On the podium, when the US anthem was being played, they raised their fists in the Black Power symbol</p>

Question 40

<p>What were the consequences to the two African American sprinters who raised their fists?</p>

Answer 40

<ul><li>They were booed by the crowd and were suspended from the US Olympic team</li><li>They received death threats and the press and politicians criticised their very public, political action</li><li>However, they inspired many young black people to join the Black Power movement and use more confrontational tactics</li></ul>

Question 41

<p>Who were the <b>Black Panthers</b>?</p>

Answer 41

<p>The Black Panthers were the most famous and largest Black Power groups.</p>

Question 42

<p>How did the Black Panthers help ghetto communities?</p>

Answer 42

<p>The Black Panthers</p>

<ul><li>Patrolled the streets of ghettos to keep them safe</li><li>Worked to create 'rainbow coalitions' to encourage non-white gangs to cooperate</li><li>Controlled traffic around schools</li><li>Pressed for street lighting, pedestrian crossings and aid in ghetto communities</li><li>Ran courses on black history &amp; citizens' rights</li><li>Carried guns for self-defence &amp; tape recorders to tape police harassment</li><li>Organised medical clinics that provided free shoes for poor black people</li><li>Ran breakfast clubs for poor black children before school</li></ul>

Question 43

<p>How many major riots were carried out between 1964 and 1968?</p>

Answer 43

<p>329 major riots were carried out in 257 cities between 1964 and 1968</p>

Question 44

<p>What were the causes of the riots between 1964 and 1968?</p>

Answer 44

<ul>They were partially a reaction to ghetto conditions, and police discrimination in the North<li>The first was triggered when a policeman shot a young black man and led to other cities in the North</li><li>It was also due long term problems such as:<ul><li>City officials ignoring complaints from black neighbourhoods</li><li>Unemployment and low wages</li><li>Poor housing and living conditions</li><li>Poor education</li><li>Violence in Mississippi and Selma</li></ul></li></ul>

Question 45

<p>What did the <b>Kerner Report</b> say?</p>

Answer 45

<p>The Kerner Report was an enquiry, set up by President Johnson, into why the Riots between 1964 and 1968 took place. It said that:</p>

<ul><li>The riots were caused by poor ghetto conditions, and that white officials had failed to fix the problems there</li><li>White officials needed to involve black communities in decisions and listen to their issues</li>Policing should be changed to stop police violence and support the community<li>Federal money should be spent on improving conditions not on police training which just gave them more weapons to deal with riots in a violent manner</li><li>The media had over-exaggerated the extent and the violence of the riots, which hadn’t helped</li></ul>

Question 46

<p>What where the consequences to the assassination of Martin Luther King?</p>

Answer 46

<ul>MLK's assassination led to riots in 172 cities<ul><li>2 black people died</li><li>27,000 were arrested</li><li>There was $45 million costs in damage</li></ul><li>This lost the civil rights movement some white support</li></ul>

Question 47

<p>What was the 1968 Civil Rights Act?</p>

Answer 47

<p>The 1968 Civil Rights Act made housing practices fairer and protected civil rights activists but increased the punishment for rioting</p>

Question 48

<p>What were Nixon's policies regarding African Americans?</p>

Answer 48

<ul><li>Set up funding for black businesses in black neighbourhoods and gave tax breaks to white businesses in these areas<ul><li>He argued that black people would be less likely to riot and attack their own businesses</li></ul></li><li>He pressed for affirmative action in jobs, where an employer deliberately picked a black person over a white person</li><li>He appointed more black officials in the White House<ul><li>E.g. James Farmer of CORE was given a top job in the Department of Health, Welfare and Education</li></ul></li></ul>

Question 49

<p>What did the Voting Rights Act 1970 ban?</p>

Answer 49

<p>The Voting Rights Act 1970 banned state literacy tests</p>