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EXCI 458 > 2- PRENATAL DEVELOPMENTAL CONCERNS > Flashcards

2- PRENATAL DEVELOPMENTAL CONCERNS Flashcards

1
Q

Name 5 determinants of intrauterine growth an birth weight?

A
  1. Infant sex
  2. infant ethnicity
  3. maternal height
  4. caloric intake
  5. cigarettes
  6. alcohol
  7. maternal age
  8. socioeconomic status
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2
Q

an infant at 10 percentile birth weight has what increased the risk of mortality?

A
  • 2.5 times risk
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3
Q

what is considered as a low birth weight?

A
  • > 2500g
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3
Q

What are the two distinct groups of low birth weight and what do they mean?

A
  1. Pre term -> meaning physiological immaturity
  2. small for date -> Displays intrauterine growth retardation and have just comparatively grown less
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4
Q

how does a low birth weight affect post Natal growth?

A
  1. Shorter status during childhood and at maturity
  2. possible deficiencies in neuromuscular coordination and power
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5
Q

what is the most common reason for prenatal loss? what percentage of pregnancies ended in miscarriage? What factors are not proven to cause miscarriage?

A
  • Chromosomal abnormalities
  • 10 to 25%
    1- sex
    2- working outside home
    3- moderate exercise
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6
Q

What is the meaning of a congenital malformation?

A
  • an abnormal condition present at birth
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7
Q

which is the most critical with respect to genetic malformations?

A
  • The embryo period because this is when cells differentiate into different types of cells
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8
Q

What are the causal agents of congenital malformations?

A
  1. trauma, chemicals or drugs
  2. radiation, infections or hypoxia
  3. maternal metabolic imbalances
  4. maternal substance abuse
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9
Q

What are the three prenatal nutrition factors and what do they relate to?

A
  1. PLACENTAL FACTORS: Circulation and transport of nutrients from placenta to fetus
  2. FETAL FACTORS: the utilization of available nutrients
  3. MATERNAL FACTORS: mothers overall nutritional status (adequacy of energy and nutrient intake)
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9
Q

What is a teratogen?

A
  • an environmental agent that causes harm to the embryo or fetus
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10
Q

the amount of harm A teratogen can do is a function of what?

A
  • Babies genetic makeup
  • amount of exposure
  • time and duration of the exposure
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10
Q

in terms of maternal smoking how are the effects on prenatal growth determined and how does smoking impact growth? What deficits in weight and length range from in response to what doses of smoking?

A
  • The effects are determined by the number of cigarettes smoked daily due to the hypoxia caused by the cigarettes
  • -70g/0,7cm -> 9 cigarettes daily
  • -210g/1cm -> more than 20 cigarettes daily
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10
Q

do the effects of maternal smoking on physical development still impact the baby postnatally?

A
  • yes
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11
Q

What is the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome and what percent of children born to alcoholic mothers have at FAS?

A
  • one in every 700 births
  • 1/3
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12
Q

Maternal alcohol consumption is associated with what effects and what deficits and wait come from what dose of alcohol consumption?

A
  1. Fetal growth restriction
  2. abnormal facial development
  3. impairment of CNS
     less than two drinks per day = 65 gram weight loss
     more than two drinks per day = 150g weight loss
13
Q

What are the two disorders stemming from maternal alcohol consumption?

A
  1. Fetal alcohol syndrome FAS
  2. alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorders ARND
14
Q

What other substances of maternal consumption cause what degree of growth deficits?

A
  • Caffeine-> > 4cups = -220g
  • Cocaine = -500g, -2cm
  • Heroin = -600g, -2.4cm
  • Meth = -350g, -1.5cm
15
Q

Is moderate physical activity good for developing fetuses? And why

A
  • it has no negative effect on fetal development
  • it is good for a fetus because they need energy an oxygen for metabolism and growth, thus physical activity causes the circulation of more oxygen and nutrients
16
Q

What is the fetal origins of adult diseases hypothesis?

A
  • events that happen very early on and field development can have a profound impact on the risk of acquiring diseases as an adult
17
Q

What are the two different kinds of disorders stemming from genetic factors?

A
  1. chromosome disorders (down syndrome)
  2. gene based disorders
    a. phenylketonuria -> intellectual disability
    b. cystic fibrosis
    c. sickle cell disease in trait
18
Q

Reflexes dominate which time periods of the child?

A
  • During later half of pregnancy and in first four months of infancy
19
Q

What are the 2 different kinds of infant reflexes?

A
  1. PRIMITIVE REFLEXES: critical to ensuring nourishment and protection
  2. POSTURAL REFLEXES: basis for more complex voluntary movement of later infancy
20
Q

What are the different primitive reflexes and how long after birth do they last? (refer to document)

A

*IMAGE

20
Q

How do lifespan reflexes compare timewise to infant reflexes? (specifically primitive reflexes)

A
  • Lifespan last a lifespan-> knee reflex, flexor reflex
  • Infant reflexes disappear by the end of first year -> suckling reflex, rooting reflex, labyrinthine reflex , parachuting reflex (memorize these ones)
  • Primitive reflexes -> dominate first 6 months to ensure survival
21
Q

What are the different postural reflexes and how long after birth do they last? (refer to document)

A

*image

22
Q

Primitive and postural reflexes are produced by what parts of the brain?

A
  • Primitive -> subcortical
  • Postural -> cortical
23
Q

How does practice influence postural reflexes?

A
  • Influence timing of disappearance
  • And the emergence of more complex movement patterns
24
Q

How are reflexes used for diagnosis? Which reflexes are the most commonly used?

A
  • Important in determining neurological maturation
  • Monitoring motor function
     The Moro reflex and the Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
25
Q

Are fluctuations in reflex appearance/disappearance from the normal timeline normal? To what degree is a fluctuation considered to indicate a neurological problem?

A
  • Yes, fluctuations from the normal timeline are common
  • Severe deviations indicate a problem
26
Q

What are some reasons for infants to sometime not produce a reflex?

A
  1. Irritability
  2. Fatigue
  3. Restlessness
27
Q

What are stereotypies? What are they indicative of? Are they exhibited in all parts of the body? Their frequency of occurrence is greatest from when?

A
  • Simple, rhythmic, pattern, centrally controlled movement behavior of infancy apparently not learned through imitation or consequence of external stimuli
  • They are exhibited in all parts of the body
  • Most common from weeks 2-42

EXCI 458 (3 decks)

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