1- KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY Flashcards
What is homeostasis?
an intrinsic physiological regulator mechanisms
- reacts to external stimuli
-has negative feedback loops
What does the term systems science mean?
- a complex approach to complex problems
what are the three components of systems science and what do they indicate?
- SYSTEMS THINKING
o Recognizing complex problems and thinking of complex solutions - SYSTEMS MAPPING
o Creating a visual map of the system, identifying drivers and connections - SYSTEMS MODELLING
o using computational models to help understand and predict
what are the four domains of human development and are they interconnected? (OVERLAP)
- Affective
- Cognitive
- Motor
- Physical
- YES
What type of development does each domain of human develop express?
- Cognitive = intellectual development
- Affective = social and emotional development
- Motor = movement development and affecting factors
- Physical = anatomical and physical changes
What are the three related areas of study relating to motor development?
- MOTOR LEARNING Practice an experience leading to gains in motor skill
- MOTOR CONTROL Neural, physical and behavioral aspects of movement
- MOTOR DEVELOPMENT process that leads to changes in motor behavior overtime
what is the difference between development, growth, and maturation
- DEVELOPMENT: progressions and regressions across a lifespan
- GROWTH: Quantitative increase in development (getting physically bigger)
- MATURATION: progress towards physical maturity (aging, increase in skill development)
how are maturation and growth interrelated?
- body growth improves function
- growth slows with age but maturation continues
Is biological maturity the same across everyone or variable?
- High degree of inter individual variability
what are the extrinsic factors that alter the timing of biological maturity?
- athletic participation
- parental influence
- nutritional status
what are the biological markers of maturation?
- Morphological
- Sexual
- Skeletal
- Somatic
what are the determinants of biological maturation?
- Genetics
- Endocrine
- Nutrition
- Physical activity
- Illness
- Social/cultural/environmental
What is the meaning behind the maturational and biomechanical theories of motor development?
- And innate process driven by a genetic, biological time clock
- that the body mechanically grows naturally
- environmental factors equal rate of development
- has a biomechanical descriptive. Which leads to fundamental skills
What are the four theories of motor development?
- Maturational
- Biomechanical
- information processing
- ecological
what is the meaning behind the ecological theory of motor development? What are its two branches?
- there is an inter relationship between environmental, task, and the individual where there are multiple systems involved
- branches:
1. Dynamical systems (motor control and coordination)
2. perception action
what is the meaning behind the information processing theory of motor development?
- Motor learning and development is computer like
o external input is received, interpreted, and stored which leads to a new motor skill
What is the perception action branch of the ecological theory of motor development?
- Affordance The function an environmental object provides an individual
- Body scaling the use of intrinsic rather than extrinsic dimensions
What is the dynamical system branch of the ecological theory of motor development?
- movement stems from a spontaneous, self organization of body systems meaning that movement behavior is not hardwired and is greatly flexible depending on the individual
- composed of a multitude of interacting constraints
o rate limiters
o controllers
What is newell’s model of constraints? (REFER TO DOC)
Task constraints -(structural)-> individual constraints –(Functional)->environmental constraints-> (back to task constraints)
What are the two types of individual constraints (newels model) and what is the time frame of their constraint?
- structural constraints
a. body structure changes — changes more slowly overtime - functional constraints
a. attention, motivation, fear, experience — changes over a shorter period of time
What is the meaning of environmental constraints? (newells model)
- constraints outside the body
- are global
- can be physical (gravity, surfaces)
- can be social cultural (gender norms, cultural norms)
What is the meaning of task constraints? (newels model)
- There are constraints that are external to the body but are still specific unlike environmental constraints
o goal of the movement
o rules guiding the task performance
o the equipment used
what are the stages of prenatal growth?
- Period of the egg
- period of the embryo
- period of the fetus
how long is the period of the egg stage of prenatal growth?
- first two weeks after fertilization
what is the sequence of rapid cell division during the period of the egg stage of prenatal growth?
- Morula
- Blastocyst
- Implantation
- Differentiation of cellular layers
how long is the period of the embryo? what happens during this period?
- weeks 3 to 8 after fertilization
- Differentiation of stem cells into specific cell types
o Totipotent (whole)
o Pluripotent (many)
o Multipotent (several) - Organization of cell types into tissues -> organs
by the end of which stage of prenatal growth are all basic anatomical and physiologic features established?
- period of the embryo
how long is the period of the fetus? what happens during this period?
- From weeks 9 to 40 after fertilization
- changes in proportions occur
- Functional development of:
o Tissues
o Organs
o Systems
Prenatal growth occurs at what type of rate?
- A sigmoid curve -> slow then fast then slow again
true or false, spontaneous motor activity is not a normal part of development of muscles and joints?
- False
Is fetal motor activity age specific?
- Yes
At week 20 what percent of birth weight and birth length is the fetus at?
- 10 to 12% of birth weight and 50% of length
what body segments experienced major changes in proportions during the fetal period?
- Head
- Trunk
- lower extremities
what are precursors to post Natal motor behaviors?
- fetal motor behaviors
