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EXCI 458 > 1- KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY > Flashcards

1- KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

an intrinsic physiological regulator mechanisms
- reacts to external stimuli
-has negative feedback loops

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2
Q

What does the term systems science mean?

A
  • a complex approach to complex problems
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3
Q

what are the three components of systems science and what do they indicate?

A
  • SYSTEMS THINKING
    o Recognizing complex problems and thinking of complex solutions
  • SYSTEMS MAPPING
    o Creating a visual map of the system, identifying drivers and connections
  • SYSTEMS MODELLING
    o using computational models to help understand and predict
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4
Q

what are the four domains of human development and are they interconnected? (OVERLAP)

A
  1. Affective
  2. Cognitive
  3. Motor
  4. Physical
    - YES
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5
Q

What type of development does each domain of human develop express?

A
  • Cognitive = intellectual development
  • Affective = social and emotional development
  • Motor = movement development and affecting factors
  • Physical = anatomical and physical changes
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5
Q

What are the three related areas of study relating to motor development?

A
  1. MOTOR LEARNING  Practice an experience leading to gains in motor skill
  2. MOTOR CONTROL  Neural, physical and behavioral aspects of movement
  3. MOTOR DEVELOPMENT  process that leads to changes in motor behavior overtime
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5
Q

what is the difference between development, growth, and maturation

A
  • DEVELOPMENT: progressions and regressions across a lifespan
  • GROWTH: Quantitative increase in development (getting physically bigger)
  • MATURATION: progress towards physical maturity (aging, increase in skill development)
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6
Q

how are maturation and growth interrelated?

A
  • body growth improves function
  • growth slows with age but maturation continues
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7
Q

Is biological maturity the same across everyone or variable?

A
  • High degree of inter individual variability
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8
Q

what are the extrinsic factors that alter the timing of biological maturity?

A
  1. athletic participation
  2. parental influence
  3. nutritional status
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9
Q

what are the biological markers of maturation?

A
  1. Morphological
  2. Sexual
  3. Skeletal
  4. Somatic
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10
Q
A
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11
Q

what are the determinants of biological maturation?

A
  • Genetics
  • Endocrine
  • Nutrition
  • Physical activity
  • Illness
  • Social/cultural/environmental
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11
Q

What is the meaning behind the maturational and biomechanical theories of motor development?

A
  • And innate process driven by a genetic, biological time clock
  • that the body mechanically grows naturally
  • environmental factors equal rate of development
  • has a biomechanical descriptive. Which leads to fundamental skills
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11
Q

What are the four theories of motor development?

A
  1. Maturational
  2. Biomechanical
  3. information processing
  4. ecological
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11
Q

what is the meaning behind the ecological theory of motor development? What are its two branches?

A
  • there is an inter relationship between environmental, task, and the individual where there are multiple systems involved
  • branches:
    1. Dynamical systems (motor control and coordination)
    2. perception action
11
Q

what is the meaning behind the information processing theory of motor development?

A
  • Motor learning and development is computer like
    o external input is received, interpreted, and stored which leads to a new motor skill
11
Q

What is the perception action branch of the ecological theory of motor development?

A
  • Affordance  The function an environmental object provides an individual
  • Body scaling  the use of intrinsic rather than extrinsic dimensions
11
Q

What is the dynamical system branch of the ecological theory of motor development?

A
  • movement stems from a spontaneous, self organization of body systems  meaning that movement behavior is not hardwired and is greatly flexible depending on the individual
  • composed of a multitude of interacting constraints
    o rate limiters
    o controllers
11
Q

What is newell’s model of constraints? (REFER TO DOC)

A

Task constraints -(structural)-> individual constraints –(Functional)->environmental constraints-> (back to task constraints)

12
Q

What are the two types of individual constraints (newels model) and what is the time frame of their constraint?

A
  1. structural constraints
    a. body structure changes — changes more slowly overtime
  2. functional constraints
    a. attention, motivation, fear, experience — changes over a shorter period of time
13
Q

What is the meaning of environmental constraints? (newells model)

A
  • constraints outside the body
  • are global
  • can be physical (gravity, surfaces)
  • can be social cultural (gender norms, cultural norms)
13
Q

What is the meaning of task constraints? (newels model)

A
  • There are constraints that are external to the body but are still specific unlike environmental constraints
    o goal of the movement
    o rules guiding the task performance
    o the equipment used
13
Q

what are the stages of prenatal growth?

A
  1. Period of the egg
  2. period of the embryo
  3. period of the fetus
13
Q

how long is the period of the egg stage of prenatal growth?

A
  • first two weeks after fertilization
14
Q

what is the sequence of rapid cell division during the period of the egg stage of prenatal growth?

A
  1. Morula
  2. Blastocyst
  3. Implantation
  4. Differentiation of cellular layers
14
Q

how long is the period of the embryo? what happens during this period?

A
  • weeks 3 to 8 after fertilization
  • Differentiation of stem cells into specific cell types
    o Totipotent (whole)
    o Pluripotent (many)
    o Multipotent (several)
  • Organization of cell types into tissues -> organs
15
Q

by the end of which stage of prenatal growth are all basic anatomical and physiologic features established?

A
  • period of the embryo
15
Q

how long is the period of the fetus? what happens during this period?

A
  • From weeks 9 to 40 after fertilization
  • changes in proportions occur
  • Functional development of:
    o Tissues
    o Organs
    o Systems
15
Q

Prenatal growth occurs at what type of rate?

A
  • A sigmoid curve -> slow then fast then slow again
15
Q

true or false, spontaneous motor activity is not a normal part of development of muscles and joints?

A
  • False
15
Q

Is fetal motor activity age specific?

A
  • Yes
15
Q

At week 20 what percent of birth weight and birth length is the fetus at?

A
  • 10 to 12% of birth weight and 50% of length
15
Q

what body segments experienced major changes in proportions during the fetal period?

A
  1. Head
  2. Trunk
  3. lower extremities
15
Q

what are precursors to post Natal motor behaviors?

A
  • fetal motor behaviors

EXCI 458 (3 decks)

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