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Wine wset 4 > 2 - Port > Flashcards

2 - Port Flashcards

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1
Q

-port

A

-sweet, fortified wine from the Douro region of Portugal

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2
Q

Port original

Because of the 17th century trade war England vs France

Causing England increase trade with Portugal

A
  • the dry powerful red wines become popular in England (brandy was add to the wine stabilise the wine to arrive in uk in good condition.
  • the adding of brandy during the fermentation was done for the first time in lamego by to British merchants
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3
Q

Location

Douro region

A
  • north east of Portugal
  • the vineyard area planted following the path of the river Douro
  • total area of the application covers 250000ha
  • 43500 under vines
  • 32000 register as DO Porto (for Porto production)
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4
Q

Climate

A
  • warm continental
  • hot summer easy reaching 40C and freezing winters
  • about 70km from the towns of Porto and Vila nova de Gaia
  • Serra do Marao to west of the act as a shelter
  • means the region is drier and warmer done the towns of Porto and Vila nova de Gaia
  • because of the winding of river Douro provides a range of microclimates
  • vineyard sites vary widely in altitude and aspect
  • is a variation in the average temperature
  • is a variation in sunlight exposure

-this can be noted even in single vineyards

  • irrigation is only permitted in exceptional circumstances
  • example long periods of drought with the vine could be in extreme hydric stress
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5
Q

Douro region divided into three sub-regions

A

Baixo corgo
Cima corgo
Douro Superior

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6
Q

Baixo Cordo

A
  • is the coolest and wettest sub region
  • about 900mm rainfall per annum
  • is the nearest of the Atlantic coast
  • the region tends to supply the fruit to the inexpensive ruby and tawny
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7
Q

Cima Corgo

A
  • warmer and drier sub region
  • about 700mm rainfall per annum
  • the sub region where the most well known vineyards and producers are located
  • the region tends to supply the fruit to the best age-indicated tawny and vintage ports
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8
Q

Douro superior

A
  • the more inland sub region
  • the hottest and driest of the sun regions
  • about 450mm rainfall per annum
  • drought is a frequent issue
  • panted still low quantity but contains some of the flatters land , plantings are increasing
  • allows mechanisation
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9
Q

Soil

A
  • stony shallow soils with free draining and poor in nutrients with limits vigour
  • underlying of schist bedrock
  • the type of rock that crumbles into layers relatively easy
  • due to ancient tectonic movements the schist in this area splits into vertical layers is easy for the vines penetrate deep into the bedrock to find water
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10
Q

Vineyard layout

Only three types of vineyards layouts are in place

A

-Socalcos

  • patamares -large wide patamares
    - narrow patamares

-vinha ao alto

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11
Q

Socalcos

protected by UNESCO

A
  • traditional method
  • narrow terraces, supported by walls of dry rocks
  • allow for planting densities around 6000 vines per ha

-no suitable for mechanisation (planted at lower densities can be used small tractors to enter the terraces

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12
Q

Patamares

A
  • terraces supported by a steep earth ramp
  • allow for planting densities are relatively low around 3000 3500 vines per ha ramps take up a lot of space
  • suitable for mechanisation small tractors are able to run up and down the slopes
  • cheaper to implement and maintain than socalcos
  • erosion and the growth of weeds on the ramps can be problematic
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13
Q
  • Large wide patamares

* narrow patamares

A
  • 2 rows of vines on each terrace
  • originally the bulldozers were large and bulky
  • makes efficient use of vineyard land
  • uneven ripeness can be an issue
  • exterior row gaining more sun exposure
  • 1 row of vine on each terrace
  • moder version
  • smaller bulldozers
  • laser technology ensuring precise construction
  • improve water absorption and drainage
  • reduce erosion
  • uneven ripeness is less of a problem
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14
Q

Vinha ao alto

A
  • vines are planted in vertical rows up the slopes
  • less expensive to plant and maintain
  • allows relatively high density planting around 5000 vines ha
  • efficient use of land
  • above 40%incline mechanisation cannot be used
  • water run-off and erosion can also be significant problem
  • use of this vineyard layout is currently relatively limited
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15
Q

Canopy/trellised/rootstock management

A
  • canopy management
  • cordon-trained and spur-pruned or head-trained and cane-pruned

-VSP trellising to promote even sun exposure throughout growing season, specially for late ripening varieties

-rootstock that are tolerant of drought
110R or 1103P both hybrids
(V.rupestris and v.berlandieri)
both widely used

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16
Q

vineyard are replanted key focus for that area of land

A
  • increase vine density
  • layout that allows mechanisation
  • selecting the best planting material (grape, rootstock)

-this may even mean planting different grape varieties on the same terrace

17
Q

Maximum yields permitted

A
  • port wine production 55hl/ha
  • due to limited water availability in some years
  • hazard and diseases

-yields are more around 30hl/ha

18
Q

Viticulture hazards

A
  • late spring frost in highest altitude vineyards in some years
  • disruption of the flowering and set of the fruit because wet weather from the west during the early summer
  • downy mildew and botrytis rot can be an issue especially in the wetter baixo corgo

-combatted with canopy management techniques or spraying with fungicides

19
Q

Fertilisers

A
  • to improve the poor nutrient status of the soil
  • herbicides may be used to control weeds growing/but if is space small mowers may be used

-cover crops may be grown on vinha ao alto slopes
(prevent erosion)
(Improve soil structure and nutrition)
(reduce the presence of weeds)

-large number of growers and producers are increasingly farming using sustainable and organic techniques

20
Q

Harvest

A
  • most of the harvest is carried out by hand because of the topography
  • some of the harvest is machinists
  • normally start in the Douro superior and end in the baixo corgo
  • because of the microclimates within the valley the harvest can be spread over several weeks
21
Q

Grape varieties

A
  • over 100 grapes varieties permitted for the production of port
  • since 1980 five prescribed varieties have been the focus

-however many small vineyard owners continue to plant field blends

22
Q

Touriga Franca

A
  • late ripening
  • suitable for growing in the warmest sites (low altitude, south-facing)
  • tight bunches
  • thick-skinned grape
  • relatively resistant to fungal diseases
  • vigorous (need to be managed usually by summer pruning)
  • most planted and very popular with port growers
  • contributes to the wine blend
  • colour
  • tannin
  • acidity
  • juicy red and black fruit flavours
  • floral aromas
23
Q

Tinta Roriz

Tempranillo in Spain
Aragonez elsewhere in Portugal

A
  • early ripening variety
  • best grown in relatively cool sites
  • can suffer from water stress
  • capable of producing high yields but needs to be limited otherwise the wines can lack concentration
  • contributes to the wine blend
  • body
  • deep colour
24
Q

Tinta Barroca

A

-early ripening variety
-best planted coolest sites
(high altitude or north-facing slopes generally baixo corgo and cima corgo)
-prone to heat damage and grape shrivelling
-lack in acidity if is not planted in the coolest sites
-capable of producing high yields of grapes

  • contributes to the wine blend
  • earthy aromas
25
Q

Touriga Nacional

A
  • mid-ripening variety
  • thick-skinned grapes
  • suffer from excess vegetative vigour
  • susceptible to coulure which can lower of its yields substantially and cause vine imbalance
  • contributes to the wine blend
  • deep intense colour
  • high levels of tannins
  • retains acidity
  • displays concentrated flavours
  • black fruit
  • floral aromas
  • long ageing potential
26
Q

Tinta Amarela

Trincadeira elsewhere in Portugal

A

-prone to fungal diseases due to its tight bunches

  • contributes to the wine blend
  • full body
  • concentration black fruit
  • spicy aromas
  • approachable in youth
  • capacity to age
27
Q

Tinto Cao

A
  • low yield variety
  • small thick-skinned grapes
  • resistant to fungal diseases
  • ripe late
  • very tolerant of heat
  • contributes to the wine blend
  • concentration
  • high acidity
  • capacity to age well
28
Q

Sousao

A

-thick skinned variety

  • contributes to the wine blend
  • deep intense colour
  • retain high levels of acidity
29
Q

Malvasia fina

Boal in Madeira

White grape

A
  • contributes to the wine blend
  • produce neutral wines
  • medium acidity
  • full body
  • slightly honeyed characteristic
30
Q

Moscatel galego Branco

Muscat Blanc a petit grains

White grapes

A
  • aromatic grape

- used in unaged styles

Wine wset 4 (14 decks)

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