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PP1 - UK Politics and Core > 2. Political Parties > Flashcards

2. Political Parties Flashcards

1
Q

What were the ideas of Old Labour (Social Democrats) 1945 -94?

A

Equality

Collectivism

Capitalism should be controlled

Social Justice

Class and Society

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2
Q

What were the key ideas of New Labour (The third Way) 1994-2010?

A

Individualism (realise own potential)

Free Market (further privatisation and weakening of trade unions)

Health and education

Social Justice (minimum wage and guaranteed living standards)

Communitarianism (focus on environment and strong social services)

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3
Q

Gordon Brown

A

2007-2010
Banking Collapse 2008
Unpopular with public, frequent threat of leadership challenge

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4
Q

Ed Miliband

A

2010-2015
Won at age of 40, beating older brother David
Struggled with legacy of failure and balancing the centre and left of the party

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5
Q

Jeremy Corbyn

A

2015-2020
Sharp turn to the left , wanted re-nationalisation of water, rail, Royal Mail and energy services
Reintroduce 50p tax rate and increase corporation tax
Abolish tuition fees

Supported Tridents renewal and 2% on defence in line with NATO

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6
Q

One Nation Conservatism

A

19th and 20th century (Disraeli and Macmillan)
Paternalism, Pragmatism and Consensus
Sought to introduce social reforms to reduce social inequalities
Noblesse Oblige
More likely to manage economy

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7
Q

Thatcherism and the New Right

A
  • Combined Neo-liberalism and Neo-Conservatism
  • Favored the individua
  • Strong nationalistic character.
  • Intolerant of alternative lifestyles
  • Excessive welfare a threat to enterprise and work
  • Against high tax
  • Supportive of laissez faire policies
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8
Q

Cameron

A
  • 2010-2015
  • ‘Stop banging on about Europe’
  • environment and socially disadvantaged
  • Preference of pragmatism
  • minimal welfare
  • ‘Big Society’ Communities to take on roles of the state
  • Causes of Crime was a big focus
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9
Q

May

A
  • 2015-2019
  • Early GE in April when 20 points ahead, with weakest opposition since 1983
  • Had to rely on DUP
  • JAMs
  • cap on energy prices
  • wanted to reintroduce grammar schools
  • repeal ban on fox hunting
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10
Q

Momentum

A

Prominence in 2017 GE campaign
Founded by John Lansman and Adam Klug
As on January 2018 momentum had 35,000 activists and 15 staff

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11
Q

What are the values of the Liberal Democrats?

A
  • Constitutional reform, (EU membership and Human Rights)
  • Tolerance
  • Liberty and Rights
  • Social justice - Equality of Opportunity
  • Constitutionalism
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12
Q

Clegg

A

2010-2016
Moderators of the Conservatives
Raised the threshold from income tax from £6,475 in 2009 to £11,000 in 2015
MPs reduced from 57 to 8 MPs in 2015

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13
Q

Social Liberals

A
  • Centre-left
  • Modern liberalism
  • Desire to increase social justice through state intervention
  • Higher spending on disadvantaged
  • Tim Farron, Simon Hughes and Charles Kennedy
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14
Q

Orange Book Liberals

A
  • Centre
  • Support choice and competition
  • Support individualism (Classical Liberals)
  • Seek to increase social mobility through increasing social mobility for those from disadvantaged backgrounds
    tax cuts for the poorest
    Ed Davey, Nick Clegg and Danny Alexander, David Laws
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15
Q

SNP

A
  • Overall majority 2011
  • Independence ref in 2014 - No 55%, Yes 45%
  • 56/59 Scottish seats in 2015
  • Now a minority

Brexit ref - Remain 62%, leave 38%

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16
Q

Plaid Cymru

A

Wales to have no barriers when trading with Europe
£7.5 billion investment
Social Care plan
Won 12/60 seats in 2016
Won 4 seats in Westminster

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17
Q

Green

A

2017 manifesto:
Green economy
Protect environment
Membership of EU
NHS, public services should belong to all of us

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18
Q

DUP

A

Unionist - supports NI remaining in the UK
Repeatedly blocked attempt to introduce gay marriage and more liberal abortion laws
Only party in Stormont to support leave
In 2017 they won 90/108 seats in NI assembly

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19
Q

UKIP

A

Has never had more than 2 seats
Farage became leader in 2006
2014 EU election won 27.5%
3rd most popular party in 2015 GE with 17 million votes

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20
Q

Example of a safe seat

A

In 2017 Labour retained Liverpool Walton with 85.7%

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21
Q

Exampe of Marginal Seat

A

In 2017 SNP won NE Fife by 2 votes

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22
Q

What % of MPs are female

A

32%

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23
Q

Labour Party income

A

£49.8 million

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24
Q

Conservative Party income

A

£28.3 million

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25
Q

Lib Dem income

A

£8.5 million

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26
Q

SNP income

A

£4.9 million

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27
Q

UKIP Income

A

£3.4 million

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28
Q

When was the Liberal Democrat party created?

A

Reinvented in 1988 through a merger of the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic party

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29
Q

How long had the Liberal Party been around when it merged with the SDP? Name some prominent historical members?

A

129 years
Gladstone, Lloyd George, Asquith

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30
Q

When was the SDP formed,? Who by?

A

Formed by a group of Centre-Left Labour MPs in 1981

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31
Q
A
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32
Q

Who wrote ‘The Road to Serfdom’? In which year?

A

Fredrich von Hayek
1944

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33
Q

What did ‘The Road to Serfdom’ argue?

A

Was addressed to ‘the socialists of all parties’
Argued state intervention and collectivism would lead to the erosion of individual liberty and slavery or serfdom

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34
Q

Which British politicians used ‘The Road to Serfdom’ as a basis for their argument?

A

Keith Joseph and Margaret Thatcher

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35
Q

Neo-Conservatist view of social order?

A

Social Order can be safeguarded by strong political leadership and reintroducing discipline, hierarchy and respect throughout society.
This would re-establish the authority of the family and other traditional social institutions.

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36
Q

Neo-Conservatist view of traditional values?

A

Traditional Values must be upheld by a ‘strong state’. They must be promoted with greater police powers and tougher stances on law.

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37
Q

Neo-Conservatist view on public morality?

A

An ‘anything goes’ culture has removed the distinction between what is right and wrong. If a person can choose their own lifestyle choices they may be immoral or threaten social cohesion.

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38
Q

Who wrote about Neo-Liberalism in the 1970s?

A

Milton Friedman

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39
Q

Neo Liberal view on the free market

A

Only mechanism that can meet consumer demands, make effective use of resources and boost overall prosperity.

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40
Q

Neo Liberal view on Government intervention

A

Reject it

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41
Q

Which of Friedan’s policies did Thatcher and Reagan adopt?

A

Monetarist policy to reduce inflation through cuts to public spending - also known as supply side economics

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42
Q

Neo Liberal view on Atomistic individualism?

A

Rational and self- interested and self -sufficient, the state should be rolled back to prevent dependency culture.

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43
Q

What were the key ideas of Disraeli?

A
  • Protect British institutions
  • Support imperialism
  • Reforms for working class
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44
Q

Which individuals were PM between 1951-64, how popular was One Nation conservatism at this time?

A

A high point for one nation conservatism
1951-55 - Churchill
1955-57 - Eden
63-64 Douglas-Home

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45
Q

What policies did conservative governments in 1950s and 1960s use?

A

Keynesian economic used to maintain high employment
They accepted a mixed economy and supported the welfare state

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46
Q

What book did Harold Macmillan publish and what did this suggest?

A

Published ‘The Middle Way’ in 1938
Proposed a ‘halfway house’ which included public ownerships of key industries, state funded welfare.

He argued for a managed economy with ‘orderly capitalism’ which would preserve the cohesion of one nation and threat of social unrest.

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47
Q

When did the new right emerge?

A

1970s

48
Q

How successful had keyseian techniques been?

A

They had failed to combat stagflation

49
Q

Who was the new right prominent with and what nicknames did this result in?

A

Prominent with Thatcher (1979-1990) and Reagan (1981-1989)
“Thatcherism” and “Reaganism”

50
Q

What ideas does the new right utilise?

A

Combined neo-liberalism and neo-conservatism

51
Q

How is the new right contradictory?

A

It is radical in economic policy as it opposes economic and social intervention by the government. But is very traditional socially endorsing the nuclear family, traditional values, respect for authority and benefits only for hard work.

52
Q

Where did the idea of a dependency culture come from?

A

‘Loosing Ground: American Social Policy 1950-1980’- a study written by Charles Murray

53
Q

What is social democracy?

A

Want reform but not to overthrow capitalism

54
Q

Old Labour’s view on equality?

A

People are of equal worth and there should be no unjustified privilege of inequality. Tax and welfare should be used to make society more equal. Wealth should not equal more power

55
Q

Old Labour’s view on collectivism?

A

We are social animals and should be entitled to a tax funded welfare state and strong trade unions.

56
Q

Old Labour’s view on capitalism?

A

Must be controlled through nationalisation

57
Q

Old Labour’s view on social justice?

A

We should all have a decent standard of living. Laws to prevent discrimination and guarantee rights

58
Q

Old Labour’s view on class and society?

A

There should be progressive taxes and control of unemployment

59
Q

Which Labour party leaders brought the part towards the centre after Michael Foot had moved the party towards the Left (1980-1983)?

A

Neil Kinnock 1983-1992
John Smith 1992-1994
Tony Blair 1994-2007

60
Q

New Labour’s view on individualism?

A

Emphasis on ability to reach own potential - low rate of income tax, home ownership and support to small businesses.

61
Q

New Labour View on the free market?

A

The best method for wealth creation, more privatisation, reduce corporate taxes and weaker trade unions

62
Q

New Labour’s view on the welfare state?

A

Increased spending, education, target those most in need and incentivise working

63
Q

New Labour’s view on the social justice?

A

Decent standard of living, minimum wage

64
Q

New Labour’s view on the communitarianism?

A

A caring attitude to the environment, support to school and social services, state support for local voluntary associations

65
Q

What were the Conservatives’ initial promises regarding fiscal plans prior to the 2007 financial crisis?

A

The Conservatives promised to match Labour’s fiscal plans for three years if elected, aiming to reassure voters about the safety of public services.

66
Q

What factors contributed to the sharp increase in the national deficit during the recession?

A

The recession led to a drop in tax receipts, increased public spending due to bank bailouts and stimulus packages, and rising unemployment.

67
Q

What was the Conservatives’ argument regarding Labour’s management of the deficit pre-crash?

A

The Conservatives argued that Labour overspent during the pre-crash growth years, leaving the nation ill-prepared for the economic downturn.

68
Q

What was the Conservative Party’s target regarding the deficit in 2010?

A

The party pledged to eliminate the deficit by 2015.

69
Q

What policy did Theresa May’s government adopt regarding deficit reduction and investment?

A

Theresa May’s government decided to borrow for investment in infrastructure and housing, shifting away from the previous target of eliminating the deficit by 2020.

70
Q

What was Labour’s proposed ratio of spending cuts to tax increases in addressing the deficit?

A

Labour proposed a ratio of 2:1 for spending cuts to tax increases.

71
Q

What significant change in approach did Labour under Ed Miliband advocate regarding capitalism and markets?

A

Labour under Ed Miliband began to support government intervention to challenge ‘predatory’ businesses and markets.

72
Q

What was David Cameron’s vision regarding taxation and welfare during his tenure as Prime Minister?

A

Cameron aimed to transition from a “low wage, high tax, high welfare society” to a “high wage, low tax, low welfare society”.

73
Q

What was the controversy surrounding Theresa May’s announcement in March 2017 regarding national insurance contributions?

A

Answer: Chancellor Phillip Hammond announced a 1% increase in national insurance contributions for the self-employed, leading to controversy and eventual delay after opposition from Conservative MPs.

74
Q

What was the primary focus of Labour under Ed Miliband regarding the nation’s ‘cost of living crisis’?

A

Labour focused on addressing the disparity between stagnant wages and rising prices, criticizing Conservative welfare reforms that disproportionately impacted the poorest.

75
Q

What stance did Labour take on immigration and EU membership under Jeremy Corbyn’s leadership?

A

Jeremy Corbyn’s Labour generally supported immigration and campaigned to remain in the EU during the Brexit referendum, although Corbyn himself had concerns about the EU’s focus on free market trade over workers’ rights.

76
Q

What significant educational policy change did Theresa May advocate despite David Cameron’s stance?

A

Theresa May supported the expansion of grammar schools, contrary to David Cameron’s opposition to their creation.

77
Q

What was Labour’s stance on the proliferation of academies and free schools under Ed Miliband and Jeremy Corbyn?

A

Labour became increasingly critical of academies and free schools, questioning their oversight and the prioritization of the private over the public sector.

78
Q

What was the Conservative Party’s position regarding constitutional reform during the coalition negotiations in 2010?

A

The Conservative Party was generally reluctant to support constitutional reform, preferring to repeal previous reforms seen as undermining Parliamentary sovereignty.

79
Q

What was the primary criticism of the Investigatory Powers Act (2016) by privacy campaigners?

A

Privacy campaigners criticized the Act for granting unprecedented government powers to surveil the general population, arguing that it was authoritarian and infringed on individual liberties.

80
Q

What notable shifts have both the Conservative and Labour parties experienced in recent years?

A

Both parties have undergone changes in economic, social, and policy stances.

81
Q

How has the Conservative Party adjusted its approach to fiscal policy under Theresa May’s leadership?

A

Theresa May’s government has emphasized investment over deficit reduction, departing from traditional austerity measures.

82
Q

In what ways has Labour’s stance on government intervention in the economy changed under leaders like Ed Miliband and Jeremy Corbyn?

A

Labour has moved towards advocating greater government intervention in the economy, welfare, and education, departing from New Labour’s centrist positions.

83
Q

What key issues have both parties grappled with in recent years, reflecting internal ideological debates?

A

Both parties have dealt with issues such as immigration, EU membership, taxation, and security, showcasing internal ideological divisions within each party.

84
Q

What decision did the New Labour government make regarding transitional controls when ten new countries joined the EU in 2004?

A

The New Labour government did not impose transitional controls, which would have allowed for delaying or restricting free movement until 2011.

85
Q

What was the outcome of New Labour’s decision not to impose transitional controls on EU migration?

A

Despite New Labour’s expectation of around 13,000 migrants per year, net migration rose above 200,000 people annually.

86
Q

How did Labour under Ed Miliband respond to immigration reforms regarding migrant benefits and border controls?

A

Labour under Ed Miliband was relatively supportive of the government’s immigration reforms and proposed placing similar restrictions on migrant benefits.

Additionally, they planned to toughen border controls by hiring an additional 1,000 UK border guards, funded by a £10 fee paid by visitors from 55 different countries.

87
Q

What is Theresa May’s stance on grammar schools, and what ideology does she align herself with in this regard?

A

Theresa May intends to increase the number of grammar schools in England, believing in creating a meritocracy where power and rewards are distributed based on talent and willingness to work.

88
Q

What was Labour’s stance on academy schools and free schools under Ed Miliband’s leadership?

A

Labour became increasingly critical of the rising number of free schools and academies. They questioned whether handing schools over to large academy chains would lead to higher standards and criticized the lack of oversight, particularly regarding hiring individuals without teaching qualifications.1

89
Q

How has Labour’s opposition to academies evolved under Jeremy Corbyn’s leadership, and what alternative proposal has he advocated?

A

Under Jeremy Corbyn’s leadership, Labour’s opposition to academies has hardened. Corbyn has proposed establishing a new National Education Service, similar to the NHS, providing universal free childcare, zero university tuition fees, a minimum wage for people on apprenticeships, and greater training opportunities for adults.

90
Q

Describe the dominance of the Conservative and Labour parties in the UK from 1945 to 1974.

A

During this period, the Conservative and Labour parties dominated British politics, with their combined vote share reaching as high as 96.8% in the 1951 General Election.

Around two-thirds of working-class voters consistently supported Labour, while three-quarters of middle-class voters favored the Conservatives.

91
Q

How did the 1974 General Election signal strain on the two-party system?

A

While the Conservative and Labour parties still dominated, they lost a considerable share of the popular vote to third parties, resulting in a hung Parliament and a minority Labour government.

Third parties like the Liberal Party, Scottish National Party, and Plaid Cymru gained seats, indicating a shift away from traditional two-party dominance.

92
Q

How has the representation of third parties changed over time in the UK Parliament?

A

In the landmark 1974 General Election, only 38 MPs were from parties other than Labour or the Conservatives. However, in 2017, there were 89 such MPs, indicating a significant increase in the representation of third parties in Parliament.

93
Q

Compare the combined vote share of the Labour and Conservative parties in the 1951 and 2015 General Elections.

A

In the 1951 General Election, the Labour and Conservative parties had a combined vote share of 96.8%. However, in the 2015 General Election, their combined vote share was 67.3%, significantly lower than in 1951.

94
Q

What was the significant political development in the 2010 General Election, and how did it challenge the traditional two-party system in the UK?

A

The 2010 General Election resulted in a hung parliament, leading to a coalition between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats. This challenged the traditional dominance of the two main parties and raised the prospect of a two-and-a-half party system.

95
Q

Describe the role of the Liberal Democrats in the 2010 coalition government and their impact on policy decisions.

A

As a minor coalition partner, the Liberal Democrats were able to act on significant manifesto commitments, such as increasing the personal income tax allowance.

96
Q

What led to the decline of the Liberal Democrats and the rise of the SNP in the 2015 General Election?

A

The compromises made by the Liberal Democrats in coalition, particularly the vote to increase tuition fees, led to a significant loss of seats in the 2015 General Election.

Meanwhile, the SNP, which had gained support after the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, became the third largest party by winning 56 of Scotland’s 59 seats.

97
Q

Explain how the rise of the SNP affected the idea of a ‘two-and-a-half’ party system in the UK.

A

The SNP replaced the Liberal Democrats as the third largest party in the House of Commons. However, unlike the Liberal Democrats, the SNP does not aim to form a government in Westminster and only fields candidates in Scotland, limiting its power and influence compared to the Labour and Conservative parties

98
Q

Describe the political landscape in Scotland following the 2015 General Election and the implications of the SNP’s dominance.

A

Following the 2015 General Election, the SNP won 56 of Scotland’s 59 seats, indicating a ‘dominant party system’ in Scotland. Despite the more proportional AMS system used in the 2016 Scottish Parliament elections, the SNP still nearly secured a majority, forming its third successive Scottish government.

99
Q

How does the Welsh Assembly’s political environment differ from the traditional two-party system observed in the UK?

A

The Welsh Assembly has experienced coalitions since its establishment, and Plaid Cymru became the official opposition party after the May 2016 election, indicating a multi-party system rather than a dominant two-party system.

100
Q

Discuss the political dynamics in Northern Ireland and its impact on the traditional two-party system.

A

The Northern Ireland Assembly has operated under coalitions since its creation, with neither the Conservatives nor Labour holding any seats.

This demonstrates the unique political landscape of Northern Ireland, distinct from the two-party system observed in Great Britain.

101
Q

How does the political landscape in England challenge the traditional two-party dominance of the Conservatives and Labour?

A

In many parts of England, there are only two parties with a realistic chance of winning seats, but they are not necessarily the Conservatives and Labour. The collapse of the Liberal Democrats in the 2015 General Election still left them as the main rival to the Conservatives in many seats in the south-west.

Similarly, UKIP’s strong showing in 2015, coming second in 120 constituencies, suggests they could be considered one of the two main parties in many parts of England.

102
Q

Who made the comparison “Keir Starmer is ‘Tony Blair without the laughs’” in April 2020?

A

George Galloway

103
Q

What percentage of UK voters compare Keir Starmer to Tony Blair, according to a recent YouGov poll?

A

1/3rd

104
Q

How does Starmer’s approval ratings compare to Blair’s in December 1994, according to a June poll?

A

They are on par

105
Q

What are the potential implications of comparing Starmer to Blair within the Labour Party?

A

The comparison could ignite faith among moderates that Starmer can replicate Blair’s success in leading Labour out of its electoral decline, while also fueling suspicions among Corbyn loyalists that Starmer aims to purge the legacy of the Corbyn project and take the party back to its Blairite past.

106
Q

What task did Blair and Starmer share as Labour leaders?

A

Restoring the electability of the Labour Party after a long period in opposition.

107
Q

How did Blair approach the challenge of restoring Labour’s electability?

A

By signaling to the electorate, the media, and business interests that he was pulling the party towards the center ground of politics and wresting control from the trade unions and the left.

108
Q

How does Starmer’s persona compare to that of a committed ‘Bennite’ like Corbyn?

A

Starmer’s generally amiable persona as a sensible and moderate centrist places him much closer to being a Blair-like figure than a committed ‘Bennite’ like Corbyn.

109
Q

What aspect of Tony Blair’s leadership is highlighted as his major success in the mid-90s?

A

Blair’s major success was in projecting himself as a charismatic leader offering something distinctly ‘new’ to British politics.

110
Q

How did Blair project this sense of newness?

A

Blair used ‘modernisation’ rhetoric to claim that he was not just modernising his party, but also the wider UK government and economy. This allowed him to present himself as someone who harkened more to Labour’s future than to its past.

111
Q

What qualities of Keir Starmer’s leadership are praised in contrast to Boris Johnson?

A

Starmer’s more serious persona and forensic eye for detail are praised as qualities that make him appear like the adult in the room when compared to Boris Johnson.

112
Q

In what way is it suggested that Corbyn, rather than Starmer, resembles Blair in certain respects?

A

It is suggested that Corbyn, rather than Starmer, resembles Blair in certain respects, particularly in terms of promising a transformative potential similar to Blair’s New Labour project.

113
Q

What criticism is leveled at Tony Blair’s time in government regarding his main legacy?

A

The main criticism is that Blair’s legacy includes a loss of up to 5 million Labour voters following the fallout from the Iraq War.

114
Q

What lesson does the article suggest Keir Starmer could learn from Tony Blair?

A

Starmer should focus on forging a broader vision, developing charisma, creating a carefully crafted brand, and possibly incorporating elements of populism.

115
Q

What challenges does the article suggest Keir Starmer faces in his leadership role?

A

Starmer faces challenges such as a deeply divided party, economic recession, and political crises, similar to those faced by John Major. He needs to develop a distinct and coherent vision for Labour.

116
Q

What criticism has been directed at Keir Starmer regarding comparisons with Tony Blair?

A

Some segments of the left view comparisons with Blair as insults. Sharon Graham, the general secretary of the Unite union, criticised Starmer for seeming “intent on becoming a 1990s tribute act.”

117
Q

Give an example of conservative mp’s sticking to Neo-liberal economic policy

A

‘Britannia Unchained’ 2012 - whose co-authors included Kwasi Kwarteng, Priti Patel, Dominic Raab, and Liz Truss.

The book gave the impression that 21st century Britain had not changed since the 1970s, and still over-burdened by high taxation, and insufficient entrepreneurialism or respect for big business.

PP1 - UK Politics and Core (7 decks)

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