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Marine Ecology - Airoldi > 2 Physical Environment > Flashcards

2 Physical Environment Flashcards

1
Q

water cycles (earth and atmosphere)

A
  • water/ hydrologic cycle is a process where water travels in a sequence from the air to earth and returns to atmosphere
  • driving force: solar radiation that provides energy for the water-evaporation
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2
Q

hydrologic cycle

A
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3
Q

total water volume

A

1.4 * 10^6 cubic-kilometer

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4
Q

physical properties of water: basic structure

A
  • covalent bonding of 2H + O atoms
  • polar-covalent bond
  • inter-molecule attraction
  • H-bonds among water moleculars
  • can be solid, liquid or gas
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5
Q

physical properties of water: specific heat

A
  • also calles Heat Capacity
  • 1 calorie is required to raise the temperature of 1g H2O by 1°C

effects:
- mitigated seasonal temperature fluctuations
- thermal regulation of organisms

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6
Q

physical properties of water: latent heat

A
  • energy that is released or absorbed in the transformation of water from one state to another (e.g. from water to solid ice)
  • 536 calories needed to change 100°C water to vapor
  • 86 calories needed for ice to melt to 1°C water

effects:
- mitigated seasonal temperature fluctuations
- thermal regulation of organisms

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7
Q

physical properties of water: peculiar density-temperature relationship

A
  • if T > 4°C: water density increases when temperature decreases
    vice versa: decreasing water temperatures –> increasing density
    but:
  • if T < 4°C > 0°C : water density decreases when water freezes (from highest density to lowest)
    –> low density on surface (warm water)
    –>lower density (ice) on top –> isolation that prevents underlying water from freezing
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8
Q

physical properties of water: Cohesion

A
  • due to hydrogen bonding
  • water molecules stick firmly to each other
  • can resist external forces

–> surface tension
–> viscosity
–> buoyancy
–> high pressure changes with depth

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9
Q

classification of aquatic systems based on ____ ?

A
  • depth (light, temp., density, oxygen)
  • salinity
  • still water or moving water
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10
Q

marine divisions in biozones and light zones

A
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11
Q

light gradient

A

(vertical gradient)
- effects on vertical temperature profile
- quantity and quality of light vary with depth of water
- effects on quantity and distribution of production
- adaptations in plant organisms (different batteries of photosynthetic pigments)
- adaptations in animal organisms (adaptations in the dark)

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12
Q

temperature gradient

A

(vertical gradient)
- temp. change as result of the exponential decline in solar radiation with water depth
- vertical profile of water varies seasonally
- Fall turnover: surface water cool and dense –> sinks, displaces the water below –> creates uniform temperature

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13
Q

Temperature varies with latitude

A

map of average Sea Surface Temperature (SST)

Horizontal Gradient (SST)

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14
Q

Ocean Surface Temperature

A
  • often called Sea Surface Temperature (SST)
  • strong correlation with latitude because of a high isolation at low latitudes and low isolation at high latitudes
  • surface ocean isotherms (= lines of equal temperature)

SST overall pattern
- highest in tropics –> highest insolation
- decreases polewards –> with decreasing insolation
- negative temperatures in Arctic Ocean and around Antarctica

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15
Q

surface ocean isotherms

A

= lines of equal temperature
- have a general east-west trend
but
- they can be deflected by currents towards equator or poles
- warm water carried poleward on western side of ocean basins (Ozeanbecken)
- cooler water carried equatoward on eastern side of ocean basin

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16
Q

Chemical composition of water

A
  • excellent solvent
  • salinity measured in psu (Practical Salinity Units)
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17
Q

Horizontal gradients of water

A
  • salinity
  • density
  • temperature
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18
Q

Global map of average sea surface salinity (SSS)

A

Horizontal gradient (SSS)

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19
Q

what determins water density? What is the [SI]?

A

density = mass/volume (g/m3, g/ml, kg/l)

determined by:
- Temperatur
- salinity
- pressure

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20
Q

relationship density + temperature

A
  • inverse relationship
  • lower temperature –> higher density
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21
Q

relationship density + salinity

A
  • direct
  • lower salinity –> lower density
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22
Q

relationship density + pressure

A
  • at very high pressures (deep seas) pressure increases density
  • sea level would be around 30-50m higher without pressure effect
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23
Q

Vertical gradient: salinity (density+temp)

A
  • lower salinity water with less density will lie over higher salinity water of the same temperature
  • as depth increases, salinity stays fairly constant (at just under 35 ppt)
  • Salinity more variable on surface (rain e.g.)
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24
Q

Salinity gradients in transitional environments (estuaries)

A
  • meeting of fresh and salt water
  • not static: can vary a lot (e.g. on season)
25
Q

Classification of aquatic environments based on salinity

A

-Hyperhaline very high salinity >40ppt
- Metahaline ranges from 36 to 40 ppt
- Euhaline between 30 and 35 ppt. The most in marine and oceanic waters!
- Polyhaline from 18 to 30 ppt
- Mesohaline between 5and 18 ppt
- Oligohaline between 0.5 to 5 ppt
- Freshwater <0.5 ppt

26
Q

dissolving nutrients in the water originate from ___?

A
  • rivers and water runoff
  • decompositions of organic matter (mostly at sea bottom)
27
Q

Effectsof depth on the dynamics of nutrients in the ocean

A
  • different dynamics due to the depths
  • more light at the surface, less in depths
  • composition of the bottom in deep areas, where nutrients are needed
  • upwelling areas
  • cold water: full of nutrients from bottom
  • water circulates and nutrients are more available
  • in lakes you can have two areas that are almost separate bec. Of missing circulation
28
Q

Vertical gradients

A
  • Light: quick decrease and then dark areas
  • temp.: same as light, more or less constant decrease
  • nutrient limitation: more abundant in depth
  • DCM (Chl. A) has a max productivity NOT on surface but a bit lower (ca. 100m depth) –> light still efficient and abundance of nutrients higher
29
Q

Gas solubility

A

influenced by
1) temperature
2) salinity
3) pressure

30
Q

relationship gas solubility + temperature

A

gas solubility decreases with increasing temperature

31
Q

relationship gas solubility + salinity

A

gas solubility decreases when salinity increases
–> gas solubility increases with decreasing salinity

–> better solubility in fresh water (at the same temperature)

32
Q

relationship gas solubility + pressure

A
  • direct releationship
  • when atmospheric pressure increases –> gas solubility increases
33
Q

Oxygen concentration in aquatic environment

A
  • oxygen dissolved in water
  • it’s concentration is determined by solubility and diffusion

-follows more or less the temperature
- differs in seasons:
1) Static in fall due to fall turnover (temperature uniform)
2) winter:
- high oxygen concentration on surface due to diffusion
- decline in depth due to demand and uptake by decomposer organisms on bottom zone
3) summer: decline in depth due to demand and uptake by decomposer organisms on bottom zone

34
Q

Vertical profile of oxygen in the Atlantic Ocean

A
  • oxygen concentration declines to a minimum in the zone of 500-1000m depth
    -then: O2 concentration increases to max. and stays more or less constant
    -increase caused by influx of O2 rich cold water that sank in the polar water
35
Q

Anoxia

A
  • condition of no, or at times very little, dissolved oxygen in marine or freshwater systems
  • has drastic consequences to normal ecosystem functioning including biogeochemical cycling
36
Q

Hypoxia

A
  • condition of low dissolved oxygen concentrations in marine or freshwater systems
  • has adverse (neg.) consequences to normal ecosystem functioning including biogeochemical cycling that range from mild to severe disruption
37
Q

Dead zone

A

area of hypoxia or anoxia that is related to anthropogenic activity

38
Q

anoxic zones

A
  • Certain depth can become anoxic
  • Typical for lagoons/ estuaries
    (- e.g. Black sea always in anoxic state)
39
Q

Why are anoxic zones increasing?

A
  • Eutrophication
    (= Anreicherung von Nährstoffen in einem Ökosystem oder einem Teil desselben bezeichnet. Im engeren Sinne ist meist die durch den Menschen bedingte (anthropogene) Erhöhung des Nährstoffgehalts von Gewässern durch gelöste Nährstoffe)
  • warming waters due to climate change
40
Q

effects of warming waters

A
  • increasing stratification of ocean –> weakens the overturning circulation of the water
  • decreases oxygen solubility
  • warm waters combined with excess nutrients from land causes a harmful algal blooms
  • algal blooms drain (zersetzen) oxygen as they die and decompose
41
Q

Carbon dissolves in water. how?

A

CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3(-) + H+ <-> CO3(2-) + 2H+

Carbondioxide + Water <-> Carbonic acid <-> Bicarbonate + H+ <-> Carbonate + 2H+

42
Q

CO2 in relation to pH

A
  • distilled water: pH=7 (neutral)
  • sea water: pH= 7,5 - 8,4 (slightly alkaline)
  • carbonated water: pH= 3,6 (acidic)
  • CO2 additions or losses affect the pH
  • changes in pH determine the prevailing form of CO2

-the more CO2 dissolves, the more H+ gets free –> acidification
- trend of pH: downwards –> less CaCO3 which shells and corals are made of

43
Q

Panta rei - Water movements (due to?)

A

water movements due to
- waves
- curerents
- tides

44
Q

what are the direct or indirect effects of water movements?

A
  • size and shape of organisms
  • movement, dispersal, recruitment
  • nutrients, oxygen, food availability
  • habitat characteristics (e.g. sediment size)
45
Q

horizontal wave gradient: Refraction

A
  • the change in direction of a wave passing from one medium to another
  • refraction happens when waves travel from deeper parts of the ocean to the shallower coastlines.

-focus on rocky peaks
-on shore the sides are less wavy

46
Q

horizontal wave gradient: Diffraction

A
  • a sudden change in the direction and intensity of waves after passing by a coastal feature or offshore obstruction
  • obstacle blocks a portion of the wave’s energy, forcing it to spread into the sheltered area behind the obstruction

-interaction of the rock with the front of the waves

47
Q

vertical wave gradient

A
  • offshore: wave-interaction with the bottom

Destructive Wave
- coastal erosion takes place
- destructive waves are very high in energy and are most powerful in stormy conditions
- swash, when a wave washes up onto the shoreline (here: weak)
- backwash, when the water from a wave retreats back into the sea (here: very strong)
- strong backwash pulls material away from the shoreline and into the sea resulting in erosion

Constructive Wave
- low energy waves
- result in the build-up of material on the shoreline
- stronger swashes than backwashes –> any material being carried by the sea is washed up and begins to build up along the coastline
- material that is deposited by constructive waves can most often be seen by the creation of beaches.

48
Q

hydrodynamic forces of waves

A
  • horizontal: the drag force in the direction of the wave impact the inertial force of region
  • vertical: a lifting force from bottom to top

–> organisms experience lift and drag as a result of how their shapes interact with fluid flow
–> organisms as seaweed or crabs adopted to some of the forces

49
Q

water movements
(coriolis force)

A
  • equatorial upwelling
  • coastal upwelling
50
Q

Oceanic Currents

A
51
Q

upwelling areas

A
  • have high nutrients and productivity
  • many western sides have upwelling areas
52
Q

tides

A

= periodic motion of large masses of water that
-rises (flow, high tide)
and
lowers (ebb, low tide)

53
Q

combination of factors regulating tides

A

1) gravitational attraction that is exerted (ausgeübt) from other bodies of solar system (mainly moon and sun) on the earth
2) centrifugal force, due to rotation of Earth-Moon system around it’s center of mass

54
Q

what Is the greatest tide?

A

spring tide

55
Q

tidal cycles

A

three basic tidal patterns
1) semidiurnal
- two high + two low tides each day
- about same height
2) mixed semidiurnal
- two high + two low tides each day
- differ in height
3) diurnal
- only one high and one low tide each day

56
Q

tidal ranges

A
  • macrotidal > 4m (up to 7m)
  • 2m < mesotidal < 4m
  • microtidal < 2m
57
Q

influence of environmental conditions (tides)

A
  • especially in micro tidal environments
  • weather conditions can make a huge difference in certain areas
  • influence by e.g. spring tides and winds from south eastern, or pressure
58
Q

Challenges from physical factors on marine organisms

A
  • the tidal circulation can force organisms to move
  • together with other components (picture), ecological environments are formed

Marine Ecology - Airoldi (15 decks)

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