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AS BIOLOGY > 2 - Organelles and Cell Structure > Flashcards

2 - Organelles and Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

It carries the DNA code for amino acid sequences

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2
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

The synthesis of ribosomes

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3
Q

What is the function of the nucleus pore?

A

It allows the transport of mRNA

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4
Q

What is the function of the nucleus envelope?

A

It separates the genetic material from the cytoplasm

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5
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

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6
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

They’re the site of aerobic respiration to release energy in the form of ATP

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7
Q

What is found within mitochondria?

A

~ Folded inner membrane that forms structures called cristae
~ Matrix
~ DNA and ribosomes

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8
Q

What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Transport proteins which are synthesised by the attached ribosomes

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9
Q

What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Does the synthesis and transport of lipids

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10
Q

Which type of endoplasmic reticulum have ribosomes attached?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

What is the function of the Golgi body?

A

~ Modifies and packages proteins
~ Transports and stores lipids
~ Forms lysosomes

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12
Q

What is the Golgi body surrounded by?

A

Vesicles

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13
Q

What do centrioles look like?

A

2 hollow cylinders perpendicular to one another

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14
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

They’re used in spindle formation (microtubles) in cell division

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15
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

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16
Q

Ribosomes have 2 subunits (large subunit and small subunit). What are they made from?

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein

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17
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

~ Release enzymes to destroy organelles
~ Digest material which has been taken into the cell
~ Digest bacterium engulfed by white blood cells through phagocytosis

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18
Q

What is the function of vesicles?

A

ANIMAL CELLS
~ They act as a contractile vacuole to maintain osmotic pressure
PLANT CELLS
~ They store ions and organic molecules

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19
Q

What is the function of the large permanent vacuole?

A

It stores water, ions, food and waste products

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20
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

They are the site of photosynthesis

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21
Q

What is found in chloroplasts?

A 
~ Fluid called stroma
~ Ribosomes
~ Lipids
~ Circular DNA 
~ Starch granules 
~ Thylakoids (flattened sacs that form stacks called grana)
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22
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Provide strength and support

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23
Q

What is the cell made of?

A

Cellulose microfibrils in a polysaccharide matrix

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24
Q

What is the function of plasmodesmata?

A

~ It exchanges large organic materials via cytoplasmic streaming
~ It allows communication between adjacent cells

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25
Q

What 2 organelles are only present in animal cells?

A

~ Centrioles

~ Lysosomes

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26
Q

What 3 organelles are only present in plant cells?

A

~ Cell wall
~ Chloroplast
~ Vacuole
~ (and plasmodesmata, although it’s arguably not an organelle)

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27
Q

What organelle produces glycoprotein?

A

Golgi body

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28
Q

What organelle buds off lysosomes?

A

Golgi body

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29
Q

What organelle manufactures hormones and enzymes?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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30
Q

What organelle is most abundant at sites of active transport?

A

Mitochondria

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31
Q

What organelle is most abundant in cells secreting lipids?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

32
Q

In what ways are mitochondria and chloroplasts similar?

A 
~ Double membranes
~ Ribosomes & Circular DNA
~ Self replicating 
~ Plasma membrane
~ Produce ATP
33
Q

What organelles have double membranes?

A

~ Mitochondria

~ Chloroplasts

34
Q

What is the difference between the appearance of lysosomes and vesicles?

A

Lysosomes have a black centre which contains the enzyme Lysin

35
Q

Why do we have internal membranes?

A
  • Internal membranes provide a transport system (RER/SER/Vesicles)
  • Organelles separate different regions of the cell for differentiation and specialisation
  • Internal membranes provide a large S.A for the attachment of enzymes and other reactions like ATP synthesis
36
Q

What is the capsule on a prokaryotic cell?

A

A layer of slime which protects against dehydration and attack by white blood cells

37
Q

What is the flagellum?

A

The tail of a cell which is in a fluid

38
Q

Which type of cell (prokaryotic / eukaryotic) has a true nucleus?

A
  • Eukaryotes. The DNA within the nucleus is surrounded by a double nuclear membrane.
  • Prokaryotes have no true nucleus, their DNA is in a nucleoid
39
Q

Which type of cell (prokaryotic / eukaryotic) has membrane bound organelles?

A
  • Eukaryotes

* Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles (mitochondria & chloroplasts)

40
Q

How big are prokaryotes? (Bacteria)

A

1-5um long (smaller than eukaryotes)

41
Q

What is the cell wall made of in prokaryotic cells?

A

Peptidoglycan (murein)

42
Q

How big are the ribosomes in a prokaryotic cell?

A

70s (smaller than in eukaryotes)

43
Q

How big are the ribosomes in a eukaryotic cell?

A

80s (larger than in prokaryotes)

44
Q

What is found in all bacteria? (All prokaryotic cells)

A

Circular DNA

45
Q

What is found in some bacteria? (Some prokaryotic cells)

A

Plasmids

46
Q

How big are eukaryotes?

A

They range from 10um - 100um (larger than prokaryotes)

47
Q

What is the cell wall made of in eukaryotic cells?

A

If it’s present (cell walls aren’t in animal cells) it’s made of cellulose

48
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A
  • Prokaryotic cells include bacteria cells
  • They have no true nucleus
  • DNA is free in the cytoplasm in an area called the nucleoid
49
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Eukaryotic cells include plant, animal and fungi cells

* They have a true nucleus, meaning that the nucleus is membrane bound

50
Q

What is chromatin?

A

The nucleus contains chromatin and this is the DNA tightly wrapped around histone proteins

51
Q

How do bacteria cells reproduce?

A

By binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction

52
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A
  • Lines tissues
  • Covers surface of organs, cavities and tubes
  • Rests on basement membranes
53
Q

What is the function of squamous epithelium?

A

Allows diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the alveoli (lungs)

54
Q

What is the function of cuboidal epithelium?

A

Reabsorption of water in kidney tubule

55
Q

What is the function of columnar epithelium?

A

(Some cells have cilia, some have microvilli)

Absorption of soluble nutrients in small intestine

56
Q

What is the function of ciliated epithelium?

A
  • Helps remove bacteria from lungs

- Found in trachea and bronchi

57
Q

What is the function of glandular epithelium?

A

Secretes mucus in respiratory tract

58
Q

What are the 5 types of epithelial cells?

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated, glandular

59
Q

What are the 4 main tissue types?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

60
Q

What is the definition of a tissue?

A

A group or layer of similar cells working together to perform a specific function

61
Q

What is the definition of an organ?

A

A collection of different types of tissues working together to perform a specific function

62
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

Connects, supports or separates tissues and organs

63
Q

What is in connective tissue?

A
  • Elastic and collagen fibres in an extracellular fluid or matrix
  • Between the fibres are fat-storing cells (adipocytes) and cells of the immune system
64
Q

Why are skeletal muscles called voluntary muscles?

A

Because you can choose whether or not to contract them

65
Q

Why are smooth muscles called involuntary muscles?

A

Because you can’t control their movement

66
Q

What are features of skeletal muscle?

A
  • It has bands of long cells or fibres, which provide powerful contraction
  • Striated muscle (as they’re striped)
67
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

A

Moves whole organisms (the skeleton) or parts of them

68
Q

What are features of smooth muscle?

A
  • It has individual spindle-shaped cells that can contract rhythmically but less powerfully than skeletal muscle
  • Unstriated muscle (as they have no stripes)
69
Q

Where is skeletal muscle found?

A

Attached to bones

70
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle?

A

Contracts and relaxes to do vasoconstriction in blood vessels or peristalsis in the intestine

71
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

In the walls of the intestine and blood vessels

72
Q

What are features of cardiac muscle?

A
  • It has striated and branched fibres

- They’re attached at the ends to adjoining fibres by thick plasma membranes called intercalated discs

73
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

A

Contracts and relaxes to allow heart to beat

74
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

The heart

75
Q

What is the process of protein production?

A
  • The nucleus contains DNA which codes for amino acid sequences in a protein
  • An mRNA copy of the DNA is made by transcription. This is done so that it is small enough to fit through the nuclear pore.
  • The nucleolus makes ribsomes (rRNA) which synthesise the protein using the mRNA (translation)
  • The RER transports the protein to the GB
  • The GB modifies and packages the protein into a secretory vesicle
  • The vesicle migrates towards the plasma membrane and fuses with it, emptying its contents by exocytosis

AS BIOLOGY (13 decks)

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