2. Operating Limitations and Restrictions Flashcards
System limits
The minimum and maximum limits and the normal and cautionary operating ranges for the helicopter and its subsystems are indicated by instrument markings and placards. The instrument markings and placards represent careful aerodynamic calculations that are substantiated by flight test data.
WIND LIMITATIONS
WIND LIMITATIONS
a. The Helicopter can be started in a maximum wind velocity of 45 knots and a maximum gust spread of 15 knots.
NOTE
Gust spreads are not normally reported. To obtain spread, compare minimum and maximum velocities.
b. Maximum wind for hovering is 35 knots crosswind and 30 knots tailwind.
c. For Hover operations at gross weights above 3200 lbs:
- IGE maneuvers - refer to chapter 8
- OGE maneuvers - calm wind only.
Miscellaneous system limitations
ENGINE ANTI-ICE LIMITATIONS
a. Engine anti-ice shall not be used in ambient temperatures above 4ºC.
b. Engine anti-ice shall be ON for flight in visible moisture in temperature 4ºC or below.
Miscellaneous system limitations
ENGINE STARTER LIMITS
a. If there is no rise in TOT with in the first 20 seconds of energizing, limit starter energizing time to the following:
External Power
25 seconds - ON
30 seconds - OFF
25 seconds - ON
30 seconds - OFF
25 seconds - ON
30 MINUTES - OFF
Battery
40 seconds - ON
60 seconds - OFF
40 seconds - ON
60 seconds - OFF
40 seconds - ON
30 MINUTES - OFF
b. If there is a rise in TOT within the first 20 seconds of energizing the starter, limit starter energizing time to the following;
EXTERNAL/BATTERY POWER
1 Minute - ON
1 Minute - OFF
1 Minute - ON
1 Minute - OFF
1 Minute - ON
30 Minute - OFF
Miscellaneous system limitations
ENGINE STARTING LIMITATIONS
During starting if N1 does not reach 58% in a total time of 45 seconds (or 60 seconds below 10ºC FAT), close throttle and press starter button until TOT is below 200 ºC. If engine fails to start on third attempt, abort start and make entry on DA Form 2408-13-1. Starter engage time limits above do not apply to engine starting limitations should abort start procedures become necessary.
LOAD LIMITATIONS
Maintain the aircraft within limits in the center of gravity limitation chart in chapter 6
a. Maximum allowable ramp weight is 3,350 lbs.
b. Maximum allowable gross weight for hover/flight is 3,350 lbs.
c. Mimimum front seat weight is 170 lbs.
NOTE
Use Ballast as required to maintain weight CG within limits.
VMC AIRSPEED LIMITATIONS
NOTE
All airspeeds values are Indicated Airspeed (IAS), except when Calibrated (CAS) is specifically states.
a. At 3,000 pounds gross weight AND BELOW:
VMC Vne 130 KIAS sea level to 3,000 feet DENSITY ALTITUE. Decrease Vne 3.5 KIAS per 1,000 feet above 3,000 feet DENSITY ALTITUDE. Maximum DENSITY ALTITUDE 20,000 feet.
b. ABOVE 3,000 pounds gross weight:
VMC VNE 122 KIAS sea level to 3000 feet DENSITY ALTITUE. Decrease VNE 7.0 KIAS per 1000 feet above 3000 feet DENSITY ALTITUDE. Maximum DENSITY ALTITUDE 13500 feet.
c. VNE for internal Gross Weight above 3200 pounds is 78 KIAS, not to exceed placarded VNE.
FLIGHT RESTRICTION FOR HIGH POWER
VNE 80 Knots with above 85% to 100% Torque applied.
AEROBATIC MANEUVERS
- Aerobatic maneuvers are PROHIBITED.
- Areobatic flight is defined to be any intentional maneuver involving an abrupt change in aircraft attitude,
- abnormal attitude, pitch angle greater than 30 degrees or roll angles greater than 60 degrees, or
- abnormal acceleration not necessary for normal flight.
ENGINE OIL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE GAUGE
ENGINE OIL TEMPERATURE
- 0º C - 107º C Continuous Operation
- 107º C Maximum
ENGINE OIL PRESSURE
- 50 PSI Minimum below 78% N1
- 90 PSI Minimum from 78% to 94% N1
- 115 PSI Minimum above 94% N1, double wide arc
- 50 PSI Minimum, 130 PSI Maximum
NOTE
During cold temperature operation the oil pressure may exceed the maximum of 130 PSI. Stabilize the engine idle speed of 60 to 64% until the engine oil temperature is above 0º C and the engine oil pressure is within normal limits.
TRANSMISSION OIL PRESSURE AND TEMP
TRANSMISSION OIL PRESSURE
▩ 30 to 50 PSI Continuous Operation
▩ 30 PSI Minimum, 70 PSI Maximum
TRANSMISSION OIL TEMPERATURE
▩ 15º C to 110º C Continuous Operation
▩ 110º C Maximum
LOADMETER AND FUEL PRESSURE GAUGE
LOADMETER
▩ 70% Maximum
FUEL PRESSURE
▩ 4.0 PSI Minimum
▩ 4.0 PSI to 30 PSI Continuous Operation
▩ 30 PSI Maximum
► 8 PSI Minimum using TYPE A, A-1, JP-5, JP-8 Fuels below -18 °C (0 °F) to -32 °C (-25 °F)
AIRSPEED INDICATOR
NOTE
Autorotation above 100 KIAS will result in high rates of descent and low rotor RPM.
▩ 0 to 130 Knots Continuous Operation
▩ 130 Knots Maximum
▩ 100 Knots Maximum for Autorotation
VNE for internal Gross Weight above 3,200 pounds is 78 KIAS, not to exceed placarded VNE.
TURBINE OUTLET TEMPERATURE GAUGE
TURBINE OUTLET TEMPERATURE GAUGE
NOTE
The Red Warning light illuminates when either of the following conditions are exceeded: 810°C to 927°C for 10 seconds or higher than 927°C
▩ 100° to 738° Continuous Operation
▩ 738° to 810° Take-off Power Range (5 minute limit)
▩ 810°C Maximum
810°C to 843°C, 6 second transient limit (Not to be used intentionally)
🔴 927°C Maximum during starting and shutdown, 10 seconds maximum
GAS PRODUCER (N1)
GAS PRODUCER
▩ 60 to 105% Continuous Operation
▩ 105% Maximum
105% to 106% transient (15 seconds maximum)
DUAL TACHOMETER
ROTOR INDICATOR
▩ 90% Minimum Operation
▩ 50 to 60% Accelerate through this range
▩ 90 to 107% Normal Operation
▩ 107% Maximum
Power on Transient Rotor Droop Limit is 95%, 5 seconds maximum
POWER TURBINE INDICATOR
▩ 97% Minimum Operation
▩ 97 to 100% Continuous Operation
▩ 100% Maximum
N2 75% to 88%
60 seconds maximum (time not cumulative)
N2 TRANSIENT OVERSPEED LIMITS
“Student needs to explain graph (figure 5-9, se nederst) verbally”
N2 Transient overspeed limit is 15 seconds maximum. Shaded area represents allowable overspeed.
Explanation:
- N2 transient overspeed is dependant upon engine torque.*
- 0 - 32% Engine torque: 107% Engine RPM.*
- 32% - 100% Engine torque: gradually decreases to decreases to 103% Engine RPM at 100% torque.*
TORQUE METER
▩ 0 to 85% Continuous Operation
▩ > 85 to 100% Take-off Power Range (5 minute limit)
▩ 100% Maximum
Transient Torque Limit is 100 to 110% (5 seconds maximum)
INTENSIONAL USE IS PROHIBITED
FUEL QUANTITY GAUGE
▩ On Empty
