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BMS1052 > 2 - Neurons & Glia > Flashcards

2 - Neurons & Glia Flashcards

1
Q

Extracellular space has high concentration of which ions?

A

Na+ and Cl-

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2
Q

Intracellular space has low ….. and high …..

A

Low [Na+] and high [K+]

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3
Q

Why is [Ca2+] kept low in neurons?

A

Because it’s a critical signalling ion

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4
Q

True or false - neurons have low amounts of mitochondria

A

FALSE - lots of mitochondria because neurons consume lots of energy

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5
Q

What are secretory vesicles?

A

Specialised packages that contain neurotransmitter

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6
Q

Define neurotransmitter

A

Specialised chemical used to communicate info between neurons

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7
Q

What are some important parts of a neuron?

A
  • neuronal membrane -> separates intra and extracellular spaces
  • ribosomes -> protein synthesis
  • rough ER (aka Nissl bodies)
  • mitochondria -> provide energy for membrane-bound ion pumps
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8
Q

What makes a neuron special?

A
  1. Neural processes that extend away from cell body

2. Mechanisms for electrical and chemical communication

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9
Q

What’s a neurite?

A

A neuronal process (ie: axons and dendrites)

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10
Q

Which direction do axons and dendrites transmit info?

A

Axons transmit info away from soma and dendrites transmit towards soma

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11
Q

What are the 3 protein structures in the neuronal cytoskeleton?

A
  • microtubules
  • neurofilaments
  • microfilaments
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12
Q

Microtubules

A

Run longitudinally down neurites

Mediate intracellular transport

Microtubule associated proteins regulate their assembly and function

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13
Q

Neurofilaments

A

Structural support

Regulate axon diameter

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14
Q

Microfilaments

A

Linked to microtubules and membrane

Comprised of actin

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15
Q

What are the 3 important parts of axon?

A

Axon hillock, axon proper and axon terminal

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16
Q

Does the ER extend into the axon?

A

No - protein synthesis mainly happens in cell body

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17
Q

What is transported within an axon?

A

Proteins, neurotransmitters and metabolites

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18
Q

What are 2 methods of axon transport?

A
  1. Fast axoplasmic transport

2. Slow axoplasmic transport

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19
Q

Fast axoplasmic transport

A
  • proteins synthesised in soma actively transported towards synapse
  • metabolic waste from synapse transported to soma
20
Q

Slow axoplasmic transport

A
  • mechanisms unclear
  • active transport
  • real slow
21
Q

What are the 2 transport directions in an axon?

A
  • anterograde via kinetic (towards synapse)

- retrograde via dynein (away from synapse)

22
Q

Do axon terminals have microtubules?

A

No

23
Q

True/false - axon terminals have protein-dense membrane and lots of mitochondria

A

TRUE

24
Q

What does the pre-synaptic neuron release?

A

Neurotransmitter

25
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Small gap between membranes of 2 neurons

26
Q

Where does neurotransmitter bind after being released?

A

Binds to proteins in post-synaptic membrane and then converted into electrical signal

27
Q

Spines

A

Small extensions of cell membrane where axon of another neuron comes in close proximity

28
Q

Density and length of dendritic spines depends on what?

A

Environment and development

29
Q

What can occur when spines don’t develop properly?

A

Mental retardation

30
Q

T/F - a neuron’s dendritic arbor limits its function

A

True

31
Q

Why do neurons vary in structure?

A

Because structure begets function

32
Q

How do neurons vary?

A
  • number of neurites
  • shape and dendrites
  • connections
  • axon length
  • neurotransmitter
33
Q

What is a unipolar neuron?

A

Neuron with one primary axon/dendrite projecting from soma

34
Q

Stellate cells

A

Collate info locally within a brain region

35
Q

Pyramidal cells

A

Send info to other brain regions

36
Q

Do stellate cells have long axons?

A

No they have very short axon

37
Q

Glia

A

Support neuronal function and may be involved in info transmission

38
Q

Main types of glia

A
  • myelinating glia
  • astrocytes
  • Microglia
  • ependymal cells
39
Q

What are the 2 types of myelinating glia?

A

Oligodendroglia (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS)

40
Q

What do myelinating glia produce?

A

Myelin - electrically insulating sheath around axons

41
Q

What are the gaps in myelin called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

42
Q

Why are nodes of ranvier important?

A

Provide connection between cytoskeleton in axon and extracellular fluid

43
Q

What’s the primary function of myelin?

A

Increase axonal conduction velocity

44
Q

Astrocytes support and influence what?

A

Support synaptic signalling, influence neurite growth and regulate chemical content of extracellular space (eg: K+ buffering)

45
Q

More roles of astrocytes

A
  • regulate neurotransmitter in synapse
  • neuronal communication
  • ensheath small arterioles and capillaries
46
Q

Microglia

A

Fight inflammation and form specialised immune system in brain

47
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line fluid-filled ventricles

Produce CSF so brain floats

Control fluid release between brain tissue and CSF in ventricles

BMS1052 (10 decks)

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