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PSYC 207 > 2-neuro shit > Flashcards

2-neuro shit Flashcards

1
Q

what does the amygdala detect?

A
  • EMOTIONAL SALIENCE, not threat
  • The stronger the emotional salience, the more active the amygdala
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2
Q

emotional salience in regards to positive and negative experiences

A
  • All kinds of things are emotionally salient, including positive experiences and novelty
  • Negative experiences quickly and easily reach very strong emotional salience
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3
Q

Emotional Salience

A
  • The emotional significance of percepts, thoughts, or other elements of mental experience
  • which can draw and sustain attention through mechanisms outside of cognitive control
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4
Q

Cognitive control

A

The DELIBERATE GUIDANCE of current thoughts, perceptions or actions.
- This control is imposed in a goal-directed manner by currently active top-down executive processes

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5
Q

Typical hospital delivery sequence of steps

A

After the baby is born:
- Cut the cord
- Wipe the baby with a towel
- Wrap the baby in another towel
- Put a hat on the baby’s head
- (Finally) give the baby to mother

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6
Q

types of disgust

A
  • distaste
  • disgust
  • moral disgust
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7
Q

function of distaste

A

to avoid toxins
ex: eating spoiled food, unpleasant tastes

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8
Q

function of disgust

A

to avoid infection
ex: Seeing spoiled food, vomit, maggots, etc; Seeing injuries, blood, bodily deformities; Contact with sick or unfamiliar individuals

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9
Q

function of moral disgust

A

to Avoid “unsuitable” interaction partners
ex: Violations of social and moral norms)

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10
Q

effects of fear and disgust on motivation

A

they are HIGHLY motivating!!

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11
Q

UK’s Gen Unhooked campaign of anti-smoking ads

A
  • The campaign received hundreds of complaints about th advertisements, describing them as “offensive”, “disturbing”, or “violent”
  • Campaign eventually stopped and the advertising agency said it “broke rules” The UK’s Department of
  • Health said the campaign was “highly effective”
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12
Q

what detects taste in the brain?

A
  • the insula
  • orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
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13
Q

The Insula

A

primary gustatory cortex
- taste identification and intensity
- damage can lead to inability to identify taste experiences

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14
Q

Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC)

A

secondary gustatory cortex
- the motivational value (approach/ avoid) of taste experience

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15
Q

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (VMPFC)

A

“Somatic markers”
conscious experience

  • physiological affective states associated with
    particular stimuli
  • different somatic markers created by different stimuli are integrated in VMPFC to produce a net somatic state
  • a mechanism by which emotional processes can guide or bias reasoning
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16
Q

how is the ventromedial prefrontal cortex integrated

A
  • amygdala
  • other regions
  • nucleus accumbens (Nacc)
17
Q

when do we need to recruit cognitive control and the lateral PFC

A
  • when we are in conflict with our own dominant values (for example, intervention)
  • causes increased cognitive difficulty
  • talk yourself out of something
18
Q

when do we need to recruit the ventromedial PFC (VMPFC)

A
  • when we are considering or doing something that is congruent with our dominant values
  • relatively HIGH processing fluency (ease of thinking, processing, deciding)
19
Q

legally speaking, when does the fetus become a person

A

until it is fully born!! separated from the mother and living independently

20
Q

how do obstetricians currently regard the fetus

A
  • as a separate entity from the mother… or their “second patient”
  • makes the pregnant person LESS of a person
  • takes away the rights of the mother
21
Q

problems with treating the fetus as a second patient

A
  • Health care providers become responsible for negative fetal/newborn outcomes — and therefore vulnerable to lawsuits
  • Creates a conflict between health care providers and pregnant women who decide to refuse medical treatment
    * providers see themselves as the advocate for the baby
    * can resort to court orders to force invasive interventions on pregnant women for the perceived benefit of the fetus
22
Q

placenta previa

A
  • when the placenta is at the bottom of the uterus, covering the cervix!!
  • issue because the baby has to go through the placenta before the cervix!!
  • many blood vessels there… so baby will not get as much oxygen
  • certain death to the baby… but also remember that we don’t know for sure, and what happens during it we don’t know for certain
23
Q

ultrasound

A
  • uses sound waves with frequencies higher than those audible to humans (>20,000 Hz)
  • sends pulses of ultrasound into tissue using a probe
  • when a sound wave encounters a material with a different density, part of the sound wave is reflected back to the probe and is detected as an echo
  • the greater the difference in density, the greater the echo (placenta not really dense tho)
  • seeing deep into the body with sonography is very difficult: most of the signal is lost from acoustic absorption
  • can produce false positives, as well as
    misses
24
Q

Ventral amygalofugal pathway

A

plays important role in associative learning

25
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

plays roles in brains pleasure circuits

26
Q

other things involved in amygdala pathway thing idk man

A

○ Ventral striatum
○ Septum
○ Hypothalamus
○ Nuclei of the brainstem
○ Certain parts of the cortex
§ Orbitofrontal
§ Piriform
§ Cingulate

27
Q

hippocampus and amygdala

A

located beside and have many connections with each other

28
Q

Basal ganglia

A
  • group of sub-cortical nuclei
  • seems to be closely invlved in voluntary emotional activity
29
Q

how does the brain wire fear

A
  • Outputs of the amygdala provide a good idea of what is necessary for the experience of an emotion
  • Other parts of the brainstem trigger the cascade of physiological reactions associated with fear that send feedback to the brain
30
Q

pathway of fear

A
  • When the brain recieves a sensory stimulus indicating a danger, it is routed first to the thalamus
  • Info is then sent over two parallel pathways
    § Thalamo-amygdala pathway (short pathway)
    § Thalamo-cortico-amygdala pathway (long pathway)
  • info that travelled along the long route and been processed in the cortex reaches the amygdala and tells it whether or the stimulus represents a real threat
  • at an even higher level of analysis, The polymodal associative cortex conceptualizes the object and also informs the amygdala about it
31
Q

Hippocampus role in fear processing

A

structure that supports the explicit memory required to learn about the dangerous of an object or situation in the first place

32
Q

amygdala role in fear

A

discharge patterns activate the efferent structures responsible for physical manifestations of fear
○ Increased heart rate and blood pressure
○ Sweaty hands
○ Dry mouth
○ Tense muscles

33
Q

human olfactory lobe vs in primates

A
  • In humans, the olfactory lobe is only 30% of the size it would be if it were in the same proportion to the entire brain as in other primates
34
Q

prefrontal cortex in other species vs in primates

A
  • In other species it is dedicated to voluntary motor control
  • In primates, it has developed considerably
35
Q

prefrontal cortex in humans vs in great apes

A

Relative size of the prefrontal cortex was found to be almost the same in humans as in the great apes
- Our closest cousins
- Chiimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans

36
Q

what can humans’ superior abilities to anticipate and plan be attributed to?

A

other specialized regions of the cortex and to denser interconnections between the prefrontal cortex and the rest of the brain
- Humans have a larger volume of white matter in their prefrontal cortex

37
Q

the prefrontal cortex plays an active role in our working memory: true or false

A

true

38
Q

what do we recruit when we are doing something that is CONGRUENT with our dominant values

A

the ventromedial PFC

39
Q

what do we recruit when we are in CONFLICT with our own dominant values (for example, intervention)

A

recruit cognitive control and the lateral PFC

PSYC 207 (9 decks)

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