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IB HL biology > (2) Molecular Biology > Flashcards

(2) Molecular Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Outline the number and type of bonds carbon can form with other atoms

A

Carbon can form up to four bonds that are covalent

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2
Q

List the four major classed of carbon compounds used by living organisms.

A

Carbohydrates, lipids protein and nucleic acids

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3
Q

Define metabolism and catalysis

A

Metabolism: chemical reactions in the body’s cells that convert food to energy

Catalysis: when a substrate speeds up a chemical reaction without being personally altered.

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4
Q

Define metabolism and catalysis

A

metabolism: chemical reactions in the body’s cells that convert food to energy

catalysis: when a substrate speeds up a chemical reaction without being personally altered

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5
Q

Define monomer and polymer

A

monomer: molecule of any class of compound, mostly organic, can react w other molecules to form large molecules

polymer: molecule of a class of natural/synthetic substances composed of very large molecules called macromolecules.

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6
Q

State the role of enzymes in metabolism

A

Enzymes speed up biochemical reactions by facilitating thee molecular rearrangements that support cell function.

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7
Q

Describe condensation reactions

A

Dehydration synthesis

two molecules condense and a water is lost to form a large molecule.

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8
Q

Contrast anabolism and catabolism

A

ANA: use energy, synthecization
CATA: release energy, breaking down molecules

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9
Q

Contrast anabolism and catabolism

A

ANA: use energy, synthecization
CATA: release energy, breaking down molecules

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10
Q

Describe hydrolysis reactions

A

Molecule of water breaks chemical bond(s)

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11
Q

Explain the role of urea in the falsification of vitalism

A

Vitalism suggests that an organic molecule such as urea cannot be synthesized solely from inorganic sources. It was believed that synthesis of urea required a living organism or some part of a living organism, such as a kidney.

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12
Q

Parts of an atom

A

neurons, protons, electrons, nucleus

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13
Q

Contrast ion and atom

A

ION:
- electrically charged
- different number of protons and electrons
- may contain 1+ atoms

ATOM:
- electrically neutral
- same number of protons and electrons
- number of protons defines element

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14
Q

define anion and cation

A

an: negatively charged
cat: positively charged

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15
Q

contrast covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds

A

covalent: atoms bound by a shared electron(s)
ionic: atoms bound by oppositely charged ions
hydrogen: weak chemical bond where a hydrogen atom and and electronegative atom bond

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16
Q

molecular formula for water

A

H2O

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17
Q

Cause and effect for the polar nature of water

A

cause: oxygen has a greater pull on electrons then hydrogen
effect: unequal sharing of atoms

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18
Q

describe where and how water is able to form hydrogen bonds

A

water forms hydrogen bonds between the partial positive hydrogen of one water molecule and the partial negative oxygen of another molecule.

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19
Q

contrast adhesion with cohesion

A

adhesion: ability to differentiate molecules to stick together
cohesion: ability for some molecules to stick together

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20
Q

outline an example of the cohesive property of water being of benefit to life

A

water cohesion means a high heat capacity

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21
Q

Outline a benefit to water’s high specific heat capacity

A

Large bodies of water take a lot of energy to heat, stay more constant, protect wildlife

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22
Q

Outline a benefit to water’s high boiling point

A

Helps to keep it in liquid form for most biological processes.

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23
Q

Explain why water is such a good solvent with a variety of substances

A

Because of its polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds

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24
Q

List the types of molecules water will dissolve

A

Ions and polar molecules because they are hydrophilllic

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25
Q

Non-polar and non-ionic molecules are (hydrophilic/hydrophobic)

A

hydrophobic

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26
Q

Polar and Ionic molecules are (hydrophilic/hydrophobic)

A

hydrophilic

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27
Q

Compare the physical properties of methane and water

A

WATER: solvent properties/polarity of water = many substances can dissolve in it

METHANE: non-polarity = weak dispersion forces

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28
Q

Explain sweating as a mechanism to cool the body

A

heat of vaporization

excess body heat is used to convert beads of sweat into vapor, you start to cool down

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29
Q

State if the following molecules are hydrophilic or hydrophobic

Glucose
Amino-Acids
Cholesterol
Fats
Oxygen
Sodium Chloride

A

Glucose =hydrophilic
Amino-Acids =hydrophobic
Cholesterol =hydrophilic
Fats =hydrophobic
Oxygen =hydrophilic
Sodium Chloride =hydrophobic

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30
Q

Define monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

A

mono: single sugar molecule
glucose, fructose, galactose

di: double sugar molecule
sucrose, maltose, lactose

poly: long changes of sugar molecules
cellulose, glycogen, starch

31
Q

explain a condensation reaction from connecting to monosaccharides to form a disaccharide

A

Carbon #1 of glucose A binds to Carbon #4 of glucose B

32
Q

Describe the differences between saturated and unsaturated fat (mono- / poly-)

A

Saturated fat lacks double bonds between individual carbon atoms

33
Q

Describe the difference between cis and trans fatty acids

A

Cis: naturally bent
Trans: artificially modified

34
Q

Explain a condensation reaction connecting fatty acids to glycerol to form a triglyceride

A

Hydroxyl groups of the glycerol combine with the carboxyl groups to form the fatty acid

35
Q

State the structural difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

difference in position of OH groups

36
Q

Explain the energy storage of lipids compared to that of carbohydrates

A

Lipid molecules contain more energy/gram then carbohydrates

37
Q

Outline the effects of a BMI that is too high or low

A

High: The higher your BMI, the higher your risk for certain diseases such as heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, gallstones, breathing problems, and certain cancers.

Low: compromised immune function. respiratory disease. digestive diseases.

38
Q

State the relationship between enzyme substrates and enzyme products

A

substrate + enzyme = product

39
Q

Explain the relationship between enzyme structure and enzyme specificity, including the role of the active site

A

Specificity results from shape because only the side chains of the enzyme change shape and bond to the active site

40
Q

Explain the role of random collisions in the bindings of the substrate with the enzyme active site

A

Successful collisions are ones in which the substrate and active site are correctly aligned to allow binding to take place

41
Q

Explain the role of random collisions in the bindings of the substrate with the enzyme active site

A

Successful collisions are ones in which the substrate and active site are correctly aligned to allow binding to take place

42
Q

Describe the induced fit model of enzyme action

A

A substrate binds to an active site and both change shape slighty

43
Q

Describe the lock and key model of enzyme action

A

the enzyme and the substrate possess specific complementary geometric shapes that fit exactly into one another

44
Q

Explain how temperature affects the rate of enzyme activity

A

At too low of a temp, molecules slow down. At too high, molecules denature

45
Q

Explain how pH affects the rate of enzyme activity

A

Best when in between acidic and alkaline

46
Q

Explain how substrate concentration affects the rate of enzyme activity

A

increase in substrate = increase in the rate of enzyme catalyst reactions

47
Q

What is the relationship between substrate concentration and enzyme activity?

A

More substrate = more activity

48
Q

State the effect of denature on enzyme structure & function

A

denature causes protiens to be disfunctional

49
Q

State the source of the lactase enzyme used in food processing

A

a type of yeast in milk

50
Q

State the reaction catalyzed by lactase

A

lactose → glucose and galactose

51
Q

Outline three reasons for using lactase in food processing

A
  • allows lactose intolerant people to consume dairy
  • galactose and glucose are smoother and sweeter to consumer
  • shortens production time
52
Q

Describe polypeptide chain formation in terms of the formation of peptide bonds and condensation reactions

A

AN -OH from the carboxyl on one amino acid combines w an -H from the amine of the other amino acid. The -H and -OH combine to form water. A peptide bond is formed with a C-N bridge between the two amino acids.

53
Q

Determine the number of peptide bonds given the number of amino acids in a polypeptide

A

of amino acids - 1 = # of bonds

54
Q

State the number of amino acids used by living organisms to make polypeptides

A

20

55
Q

Outline the relationship between genes and polypeptides

A

3 genes = 1 amino acid
DNA → RNA → Ribosome → Polypeptide

56
Q

Contrast proteome with genome

A

genome= all DNA
proteome = all protiens

57
Q

Define denaturing

A

Taking away the quality of

58
Q

State the two types of nucleic acids

A

DNA: deoxyribonucleic
RNA: ribonucleic

59
Q

Explain how nucleotides can connect to form a nucleic acid polymer

A

nucleotides connect by creating covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of another nucleotide in a condensation reaction

60
Q

state the names of the nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA

A

cytosine, thymine (DNA only), guanine, adenine, uracil (RNA ONLY)

61
Q

Compare the structure of DNA and RNA

A

DNA: deoxyribose, double-stranded, A, G, C, T
RNA: ribose, single-stranded, A, G, C, U

62
Q

Define antiparallel in relation to DNA structure

A

adjacent molecules are oriented parallel to each other but in opposite directions. In DNA one strand runs 5’-3’ and the complementary strand runs 3’-5’

63
Q

outline the formation of a DNA double helix by hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases.

A

complementary DNA nucleotides form hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases, forming two strands (double) that winds around each other (helix)

64
Q

state why DNA strands must be separated prior to replication

A

the two strands of the parent molecule must separate to act as a template for the DNA strands

65
Q

Describe the movement of DNA polymerase

A

DNA polymerase moves along the parent DNA strand from the 3’ to the 5’ the complementary daughter strand is built from 4’ to 5’.

66
Q

describe the action of DNA polymerase iii in pairing nucleotides during DNA replication

A

It adds the complementary nucleotides

67
Q

outline the process of transcription, including the role of RNA polymerase and complementary base pairing

A

transcription is the process of creating mRNA copies from DNA. with RNA polymerase which catalyzes the reaction that synthesizes DNA for replication

68
Q

define translation

A

process in which a protein is synthesized from the information delivered through mRNA

69
Q

outline the role of messenger RNA in translation

A

the mRNA acts as a template for recruiting and assembling the amino acids to create the desired proteins/peptides

70
Q

explain how using a 4 letter nucleic “language” can code for a “language” of 20 amino acid letters in proteins

A

the 4 nucleic bases combine in 3 letter sequences that defines differences amino acids

71
Q

outline the process of the PCR

A

multiply DNA samples to allow for testing and experimentation

72
Q

explain the use of tag DNA polymerase in the PCR

A

it amplifies pr synthesizes DNA or gene of interest for various downstream applications

73
Q

use a genetic code table to deduce the mRNA icodon(S) given the name of an amino acid

A

DNA Seuqunce = TACATTCGATTACCCATC
AUG UAA GCU AAU GGG UAG ->
met-stop-ala-asn-gly-stop

74
Q

deduce the DNA sequence that produced mRNA=UUAGCGGGCAUA

A

AAT CGC CCG TAT

IB HL biology (12 decks)

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