2. Models and Approaches to Treatment Flashcards
1
Q
Outline the psychodynamic theory in general
A
- Three components: id, ego and superego.
- Id: basic instinctual drives, aggression, sex
- Superego: Integrates values of society
- Ego: Rationalises between id and superego
- The relationship between these three factors governs personality. Psychopathology can result from an imbalance or conflict between the three.
- Also stages of psychosexual development which under or over-gratification can result in fixation.
2
Q
Psychodynamic Therapy Aims are….
A
- Re-establish balance between id, ego and superego
- Reveal and work through unconscious conflicts and bring them to the surface.
3
Q
Psychodynamic Therapy Techniques…
A
- Transference: Analyst is trained to be neutral to result in transference of client’s relationships onto the analyst-client relationship for interpretation.
- Dream analysis to reveal unconscious
- Free association: verbalise all thoughts, feelings and images coming to mind.
4
Q
Evaluate Psychodynamic Therapy
A
- Takes a long time: 3-5 sessions per week for several years
- Idea of the role of previous experiences on psychopathology has been influential
- Unfalsifiable
- Can’t scientifically validate through experiments due to the inability to define and measure some of Freud’s components.
5
Q
Outline the behaviourism theory of psychopathology
A
- Only observable behaviour is of clinical importance
- Based on making associations in the environment which are maladaptive or lead to distress
6
Q
Outline the classical conditioning view of psychopathology
A
- Maladaptive associations are made between a neutral stimuli (NS) and an unconditioned stimuli (UCS)
- For example a social situation (NS) becomes associated with anxious thoughts (UCS) which result in anxiety
7
Q
Outline the classical conditioning therapy of psychopathology and its techniques
A
- Maladaptive associations are made between a neutral stimuli (NS) and an unconditioned stimuli (UCS)
- For example a social situation (NS) becomes associated with anxious thoughts (UCS) which result in anxiety due to repeated pairing.
- Exposure therapy: Expose clients to the stimuli so they learn that it doesn’t always follow the aversive consequence so they undergo extinction of the pairing.
- Aversion therapy: Pair unwanted behaviour with an aversive stimuli to reduce its frequency such as in addiction.
- Reciprocal inhibition: Pair fear-inducing stimuli with relaxation techniques as fear and relaxation aren’t compatible so they will undergo extinction.
8
Q
Outline the operant conditioning therapy and its techniques
A
- Positive reinforcement increases the frequency of a behaviour
- Punishment reduces the frequency of a behaviour
- Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of a behaviour to remove the negative reinforcer.
- Token economy: successfully used in psychiatric hospitals to reward patients for demonstrating socially acceptable behaviour to increase its frequency. The tokens could be redeemed.
- Response shaping: reinforcing behaviour as it gets closer and closer to the desired behaviour.
9
Q
Evaluate
A
- Token economy is successful
- Too simplistic to explain complex disorders
- Psychopathology, and human behaviour in general, is more than learned reflexes
10
Q
Outline the Cognitive Theory of Psychopathology
A
- Psychopathology arises from dysfunctional thinking
- Negative triad: dysfunctional, often negative, thoughts about themselves, the World and their future.
- Past experiences cause them to acquire a negative schema which they use to interpret future events.
- Negative thought patterns such as over-generalisation, magnification of bad things, minimisation of the good things, selective abstraction, etc…
11
Q
Outline Cognitive Therapy in General
A
- Aim is to realise the role of negative thinking and depression or anxiety
12
Q
Outline Cognitive Therapy in General
A
- ## Aim is to realise the role of negative thinking and their negative feelings
13
Q
Outline the Cognitive Theory of Psychopathology
A
- Psychopathology arises from irrational beliefs, dysfunctional thinking and interpreting information in a biased way.
- Negative triad: dysfunctional, often negative, thoughts about themselves, the World and their future.
- Past experiences cause them to acquire a negative schema which they use to interpret future events.
- Negative thought patterns such as over-generalisation, magnification of bad things, minimisation of the good things, selective abstraction, etc…
14
Q
Outline Cognitive Therapy in General, Cognitive and Behavioural Aspects
A
- Aim is to realise the role of negative thinking and their negative feelings
- Challenge negative thinking
- Replace these beliefs with more adaptive or rational beliefs.
- CBT has both cognitive and behavioural aspects.
- Cognitive aspects: thought-catching and thought diaries to record negative thoughts and the feelings which followed and then attempt to rationalise the thoughts at face-value.
- Behavioural aspects: Engage is positive, rewarding behaviour to get positive reinforcement such as spending time with friends and family, going for walks, etc.
15
Q
Evaluate the cognitive theory of psychopathology
A
- CBT is widely used with success
- Butler et al found good effect sizes with GAD, depression, PTSD.
- Hard to determine if thoughts are the cause or effect of psychopathology.
- Can’t explain all mental disorders such as phobias.
