2 Milk and Beyond Flashcards
When did humans start eating animal milk?
5 - 8,000 years ago.
What was the problem?
Humans did not produce lactase to digest the lactose inmilk.
What’s the problem using butter in food production?
It’s expensive.
What about plant oils?
They don’t last as long or give texture.
When did the search for a butter replacement start>
1869
Who started it?
Napoleon III
What was the first substitute made from?
Suet (animal fat)
What was done to it?
Processed with sheep stomach enzymes, bleached mixed with many things, colored.
What was it called?
Oleomargarine
What wasn’t good enough about it?
It wasn’t made from plant oils.
What was the problem with plant oils?
You couldn’t make them solid.
What finally did it?
Hydrogenation
This happened around 1900
How does hydrogenation work?
Heat oil in the presence of hydrogen ant high pressure changes its chemical structure.
What happens if you fully hydrogenate oils?
They get hard like ice/
What does partial hydrogenation do?
You can control the melting profile.
What’s next?
Find the cheapest oil to partially hydrogenate.
Who found out how to turn cottonseed oil into solid edible fat?
P&G
What was the problem with cottonseed oil?
It contained gossypol which decreases fertility in men and has a bad taste.
What was the solution?
RBD:
refine, bleach and deodorize
What other oil is the RBD process needed for?
Palm oil
Why?
It’s filled with color and flavors (and antioxidents)
Can’t be used as a neutral flavor
What is the first step in refining palm oil?
Heating, using phosphoric acid
What next?
Neutralize with caustic soda.
What next?
bleach with Bentonite clay.
It’s also used to remove excess proteins from white wines
What next?
Deodorized with steam
What other oils is this process used for?
Soybean, palm, canola and sunflower oils
How much of the global market are these 4 oils?
90%
What did P&G do with processed cottonseed oil?
Market Crisco
(Crystallized cottonseed oil)
What was Crisco marketed as?
A fake lard
What is the other characteristic of these processed plant fats?
They are interchangeable so food companies can buy the cheapest one.
What accelerated the increase in ice cream production?
The need to do something with waste milk.
What is a sign of an UPF?
It uses waste products.
By 1930, what could margarine be made from?
Whale oil
By 1960, whale oil made up 17% of the fats used in margarine
What author made fun of cottonseed oil?
Mark Twain
Life on the Mississippi
