2 Milk and Beyond

Question 1

When did humans start eating animal milk?

Answer 1

5 - 8,000 years ago.

Question 2

What was the problem?

Answer 2

Humans did not produce lactase to digest the lactose inmilk.

Question 3

What’s the problem using butter in food production?

Answer 3

It’s expensive.

Question 4

What about plant oils?

Answer 4

They don’t last as long or give texture.

Question 5

When did the search for a butter replacement start>

Answer 5

1869

Question 6

Who started it?

Answer 6

Napoleon III

Question 7

What was the first substitute made from?

Answer 7

Suet (animal fat)

Question 8

What was done to it?

Answer 8

Processed with sheep stomach enzymes, bleached mixed with many things, colored.

Question 9

What was it called?

Answer 9

Oleomargarine

Question 10

What wasn’t good enough about it?

Answer 10

It wasn’t made from plant oils.

Question 11

What was the problem with plant oils?

Answer 11

You couldn’t make them solid.

Question 12

What finally did it?

Answer 12

Hydrogenation

This happened around 1900

Question 13

How does hydrogenation work?

Answer 13

Heat oil in the presence of hydrogen ant high pressure changes its chemical structure.

Question 14

What happens if you fully hydrogenate oils?

Answer 14

They get hard like ice/

Question 15

What does partial hydrogenation do?

Answer 15

You can control the melting profile.

Question 16

What’s next?

Answer 16

Find the cheapest oil to partially hydrogenate.

Question 17

Who found out how to turn cottonseed oil into solid edible fat?

Answer 17

P&G

Question 18

What was the problem with cottonseed oil?

Answer 18

It contained gossypol which decreases fertility in men and has a bad taste.

Question 19

What was the solution?

Answer 19

RBD:
refine, bleach and deodorize

Question 20

What other oil is the RBD process needed for?

Answer 20

Palm oil

Question 21

Why?

Answer 21

It’s filled with color and flavors (and antioxidents)

Can’t be used as a neutral flavor

Question 22

What is the first step in refining palm oil?

Answer 22

Heating, using phosphoric acid

Question 23

What next?

Answer 23

Neutralize with caustic soda.

Question 24

What next?

Answer 24

bleach with Bentonite clay.

It’s also used to remove excess proteins from white wines

Question 25

What next?

Answer 25

Deodorized with steam

Question 26

What other oils is this process used for?

Answer 26

Soybean, palm, canola and sunflower oils

Question 27

How much of the global market are these 4 oils?

Answer 27

90%

Question 28

What did P&G do with processed cottonseed oil?

Answer 28

Market Crisco
(Crystallized cottonseed oil)

Question 29

What was Crisco marketed as?

Answer 29

A fake lard

Question 30

What is the other characteristic of these processed plant fats?

Answer 30

They are interchangeable so food companies can buy the cheapest one.

Question 31

What accelerated the increase in ice cream production?

Answer 31

The need to do something with waste milk.

Question 32

What is a sign of an UPF?

Answer 32

It uses waste products.

Question 33

By 1930, what could margarine be made from?

Answer 33

Whale oil

By 1960, whale oil made up 17% of the fats used in margarine

Question 34

What author made fun of cottonseed oil?

Answer 34

Mark Twain
Life on the Mississippi