2. Mental and Physical Development: The Body, The Mind

Question 1

Crawl

Answer 1

Verb:
to move along on your hands and knees with your body close to the ground - چهار دست و پا راه رفتن
- The baby crawled across the floor.

Question 2

Milestone

Answer 2

Noun:
a very important event in the progress of development of something, especially the first time that something important is done - نقطه عطف - مرحله مهمی از زندگی

• For most people, the birth of their first child is a milestone in their lives.

Question 3

Cognitive

Answer 3

Adjective:
related to the process of knowing, understanding, and learning something - شناختی

• cognitive psychology

Question 4

Imitate

Answer 4

Verb:
to copy the way someone behaves, speaks, moves etc, especially in order to make people laugh - تقلید کردن

• She was a splendid mimic and loved to imitate Winston Churchill.

** Do not use imitate to mean ‘do the same thing as someone else’. Use copy: She worries that Tom will copy his brother (NOT imitate his brother) and leave home.

Question 5

Spontaneous

Answer 5

Adjective:
something that is spontaneous has not been planned or organized, but happens by itself, or because you suddenly feel you want to do it - خودجوش - بی اختیار

• My spontaneous reaction was to run away.

Question 6

Crucial

Answer 6

Adjective:
something that is crucial is extremely important, because everything else depends on it SYN vital - حیاتی

• This aid money is crucial to the government’s economic policies.

Question 7

Rebel

Answer 7

Noun:
someone who opposes (مخالفت کردن) or fights against people in authority(قدرت)
- شورشی - یاغی

• Anti-government rebels attacked the town.
• the rebel leader

Verb:
to oppose or fight against someone in authority or against an idea or situation which you do not agree with - شوریدن

• teenage boys rebelling against their parents

Question 8

Infancy

Answer 8

Noun:
the period of a child’s life before they can walk or talk - شیرخوارگی

• In the past, many children died in infancy.

Question 9

Spurt

Answer 9

Verb:
if liquid or flames (شعله) spurt from something, they come out of it quickly and suddenly - پاشیدن - جهیدن

• Blood spurted from his nose.
• Flames spurted through the roof.

Noun:
when an amount of liquid or flame suddenly comes quickly out of something - جهش - خروج ناگهانی

• a sudden spurt of flame
• The water came out of the tap in short spurts (=a small amount at a time).

Question 10

Clumsy

Answer 10

Adjective:
moving or doing things in a careless way, especially so that you drop things, knock into things etc - دست و پا چلفتی طور

• A clumsy waiter spilled wine all over her new skirt.
• a clumsy attempt to catch the ball

Question 11

Grasp

Answer 11

Verb:
to completely understand a fact or an idea, especially a complicated one - فهمیدن

• At that time, we did not fully grasp the significance of what had happened.
• A short opening paragraph enables the reader to quickly grasp what the article is about.

Noun:
understanding - فهم

• Her grasp of the issues was impressive.

Question 12

Indulgent

Answer 12

Adjective:
willing to allow someone, especially a child, to do or have whatever they want, even if this is not good for them - زیاده روی (در بخشندگی)

• toys bought by their indulgent grandparents

Question 13

Throw a tantrum

Answer 13

Verb:
if someone, especially a child, has or throws a tantrum, they shout angrily and cry, especially because they cannot have what they want - اوقات تلخی - کج خلقی - قهر

• She throws a tantrum when she can’t have the toy she wants.
• Whenever it’s time for bed she throws a tantrum.

Question 14

Reminisce

Answer 14

Verb:
to talk about pleasant events, people, experiences etc from the past, because you want to remember them or enjoy talking about them - یاد کردن - به خاطر آوردن

• At club meetings, we like to reminisce, remembering old times.