2 Language Flashcards
what involves a bidirectional translation of thought into a communicable modality, according to the organized processing of arbitrary verbal symbols and grammatical rules?
language
What is word morphology?
combination of phonemes that results in a word
What is the dictionary of words that denote meanings?
lexicon
What are semantics?
conceptual meaning of words
What is syntax?
grammatical structure of sentence
Is language finitely generative?
no infinitely
How big is the typical lexicon is greater than how many words?
50,000
Common speech is how fast?
3 words/ second
Is comprehension is faster or slower than speech?
faster
What does language have to be linked to?
nonverbal context and meaning
What are the 4 main differences between language and non-human animal communication?
- non-human communication lacks sequencing
- is not generative
- no reference beyond immediate present
- limited repertoire
How many words per day to children learn from age of 2 until adulthood?
10 words/ day
What are the possible methods and hypothesis for why children have the biological capacity to learn?
- anatomy for speech
- universal grammar
- increased auditory working memory
- associative learning of sequences and patterns
T-F–speech production involves intricate sequencing?
True
In speech waveforms what does L1 indicate?
bursts that occur when the lips are opened
In speech waveforms what does R1 indicate?
onset of phonation that occurs with activation of the vocal cords
What is the time between the lips bursting and onset of phonation is known as what?
voice onset time
What does the speech waveform graphs illustrate?
the idea that precise control of a sequence of independent motor acts underlies speech [and the breakdown of this sequencing ability is a major component of APHASIA]
What hemisphere dominates language? percentages of right-handers and left handers?
left hemisphere
90% and 60%
What are the key language implementation areas ?
broca and wernicke
Besides broca’s and wernicke’s what other areas were implicated in aphasia?
perisylvian and basal ganglia
What does damage to areas around the implementation regions cause?
relatively mild aphasia
What is an acquired disturbance of the comprehension and formulation of verbal messages? what is the defect in?
aphasia- a defect in language-related brain areas and the 2 way translation mechanism between mental images and verbal symbols/grammatical rules
what distinguishes psychosis from aphasia?
psychosis-impairment in the coherence of thought
what distinguishes mutism from aphasia?
mutism is an avolitional state with no attempt to initiate speech
What distinguishes dysarthria from aphasia?
dysarthria is speech not articulated clearly due to central or peripheral motor defect
What distinguishes aphemia from aphasia?
aphemia-no articulation due to central motor defect
What is verbal or semantic paraphasia?
substitution of an entire word
What is phonemic paraphasia?
substitution, addition or omission of a phoneme within a word
What is neologism?
production of a novel word [likely from multiple phonemic errors]
What is perseveration?
inappropriate repetition
What is echolalia?
repetition of the last word of a sentence
What is argon aphasia?
fluent, highly paraphasic speech
What utility do we see in some aphasia patients?
convey considerable information
have a reliable anatomical correlates
What are some of the limitations aphasia has in diagnosis and patients? [I mainly made this card for review]
- some patients do not readily fit
- diagnosis may change recovery
- important details not conveyed and widely varied patients may be given same diagnosis
What are some of the symptoms of Broca’s aphasia?
- non-fluent speech
- initiation is difficult
- paraphasic [particularly phonemic]
- agrammatic
- telegraphic
- defective repetition, naming, and writing
In Broca’s aphasia, is comprehension relatively preserved?
Yes
What are some of the symptoms of wernicke’s aphasia?
-fluent speech, well articulated, easily initiated
-normal prosody
-paraphasic errors are semantic, phonemic, neologistic
-naming and repetition are impaired
Comprehension is impaired
-alexia and agraphia
Is comprehension impaired in Wernicke’s aphasia?
Yes
What aphasia– severe impairment in nearly all speech and linguistic capacities, patient cannot speak, cannot understand spoken/written language, will try to speak by other means which distinguishes them from mutism?
global aphasia
What aphasia is severe impairment of verbatim repetition, spontaneous speech is near normal, except for phonemic errors, good comprehension, cannot write to dictation?
Conduction aphasia?
In conduction aphasia can the patient write to dictation?
conduction aphasia
What areas does conduction aphasia related to?
auditory cortex or insula
What is the difference between transcortical sensory aphasia and wernickes?
more mild but verbatim repetition is relatively spared
What area has associated damage with transcortical sensory aphasia?
end of the superior temporal sulcus–like the angular gyrus
parietal hemorrhage
Where is the transcortical motor aphasia lesion?
anterior or superior to Broca’s
What is the difference that transcortical motor aphasia has from Broca’s?
Resembles, but verbatim repetition is relatively preserved
Where is the damage associated with anomic aphasia?
left inferotemporal regions often due to trauma
What are the long term defects in anomic aphasia?
naming and verbal memory defects
Lesions to the left basal ganglia results in variable language impairments plus dysarthria?
subcortical ‘atypical’ aphasia
The left thalamic damage can cause aphasias similar to what?
often resembling the transcortical aphasias
Progressive fluent aphasia has progressive atrophy of what?
left temporal polar cortex and the planum temporal…sparing of Heschl’s gyrus.
What boundary does progressive aphasia with frontotemporal dementia respect?
boundary between primary and association cortex
What disease–personality changes, poor judgement, sparse and perseverative speech, speech becomes echolalic?
progressive aphasia with frontotemporal dementia
What are the major causes in general of the aphasias?
stroke (left MCA)
head trauma
Tumor
neurodegenerative diseases (many of them)
T-F– by assessing repetition, aural comprehension and fluency you can arrive at a preliminary diagnosis of aphasia?
True
What aphasia has impaired repetition but not fluency or comprehension?
conduction
What aphasia has impaired repetition and fluency, but not comprehension?
broca
What aphasia has impaired fluency but not repetition or comprehension?
TCMA
What aphasia has impaired repetition, fluency, comprehension?
global
What aphasia has impaired repetition and comprehension, but not fluency?
wernicke
What aphasia has impaired comprehension, but not repetition or fluency?
TCSA
If aphasia is present for 3-4 months onset, is complete recovery likely?
No
How long may gradual improvement occur?
12 or more months
Does comprehension or production recover more?
comprehension
[better recovery in youth, higher premorbid abilities, head trauma over stroke]
