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NEURO FINAL SELF > 2 Language > Flashcards

2 Language Flashcards

1
Q

what involves a bidirectional translation of thought into a communicable modality, according to the organized processing of arbitrary verbal symbols and grammatical rules?

A

language

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2
Q

What is word morphology?

A

combination of phonemes that results in a word

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3
Q

What is the dictionary of words that denote meanings?

A

lexicon

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4
Q

What are semantics?

A

conceptual meaning of words

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5
Q

What is syntax?

A

grammatical structure of sentence

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6
Q

Is language finitely generative?

A

no infinitely

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7
Q

How big is the typical lexicon is greater than how many words?

A

50,000

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8
Q

Common speech is how fast?

A

3 words/ second

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9
Q

Is comprehension is faster or slower than speech?

A

faster

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10
Q

What does language have to be linked to?

A

nonverbal context and meaning

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11
Q

What are the 4 main differences between language and non-human animal communication?

A
  1. non-human communication lacks sequencing
  2. is not generative
  3. no reference beyond immediate present
  4. limited repertoire
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12
Q

How many words per day to children learn from age of 2 until adulthood?

A

10 words/ day

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13
Q

What are the possible methods and hypothesis for why children have the biological capacity to learn?

A
  • anatomy for speech
  • universal grammar
  • increased auditory working memory
  • associative learning of sequences and patterns
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14
Q

T-F–speech production involves intricate sequencing?

A

True

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15
Q

In speech waveforms what does L1 indicate?

A

bursts that occur when the lips are opened

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16
Q

In speech waveforms what does R1 indicate?

A

onset of phonation that occurs with activation of the vocal cords

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17
Q

What is the time between the lips bursting and onset of phonation is known as what?

A

voice onset time

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18
Q

What does the speech waveform graphs illustrate?

A

the idea that precise control of a sequence of independent motor acts underlies speech [and the breakdown of this sequencing ability is a major component of APHASIA]

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19
Q

What hemisphere dominates language? percentages of right-handers and left handers?

A

left hemisphere

90% and 60%

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20
Q

What are the key language implementation areas ?

A

broca and wernicke

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21
Q

Besides broca’s and wernicke’s what other areas were implicated in aphasia?

A

perisylvian and basal ganglia

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22
Q

What does damage to areas around the implementation regions cause?

A

relatively mild aphasia

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23
Q

What is an acquired disturbance of the comprehension and formulation of verbal messages? what is the defect in?

A

aphasia- a defect in language-related brain areas and the 2 way translation mechanism between mental images and verbal symbols/grammatical rules

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24
Q

what distinguishes psychosis from aphasia?

A

psychosis-impairment in the coherence of thought

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25
Q

what distinguishes mutism from aphasia?

A

mutism is an avolitional state with no attempt to initiate speech

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26
Q

What distinguishes dysarthria from aphasia?

A

dysarthria is speech not articulated clearly due to central or peripheral motor defect

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27
Q

What distinguishes aphemia from aphasia?

A

aphemia-no articulation due to central motor defect

28
Q

What is verbal or semantic paraphasia?

A

substitution of an entire word

29
Q

What is phonemic paraphasia?

A

substitution, addition or omission of a phoneme within a word

30
Q

What is neologism?

A

production of a novel word [likely from multiple phonemic errors]

31
Q

What is perseveration?

A

inappropriate repetition

32
Q

What is echolalia?

A

repetition of the last word of a sentence

33
Q

What is argon aphasia?

A

fluent, highly paraphasic speech

34
Q

What utility do we see in some aphasia patients?

A

convey considerable information

have a reliable anatomical correlates

35
Q

What are some of the limitations aphasia has in diagnosis and patients? [I mainly made this card for review]

A
  1. some patients do not readily fit
  2. diagnosis may change recovery
  3. important details not conveyed and widely varied patients may be given same diagnosis
36
Q

What are some of the symptoms of Broca’s aphasia?

A
  • non-fluent speech
  • initiation is difficult
  • paraphasic [particularly phonemic]
  • agrammatic
  • telegraphic
  • defective repetition, naming, and writing
37
Q

In Broca’s aphasia, is comprehension relatively preserved?

A

Yes

38
Q

What are some of the symptoms of wernicke’s aphasia?

A

-fluent speech, well articulated, easily initiated
-normal prosody
-paraphasic errors are semantic, phonemic, neologistic
-naming and repetition are impaired
Comprehension is impaired
-alexia and agraphia

39
Q

Is comprehension impaired in Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Yes

40
Q

What aphasia– severe impairment in nearly all speech and linguistic capacities, patient cannot speak, cannot understand spoken/written language, will try to speak by other means which distinguishes them from mutism?

A

global aphasia

41
Q

What aphasia is severe impairment of verbatim repetition, spontaneous speech is near normal, except for phonemic errors, good comprehension, cannot write to dictation?

A

Conduction aphasia?

42
Q

In conduction aphasia can the patient write to dictation?

A

conduction aphasia

43
Q

What areas does conduction aphasia related to?

A

auditory cortex or insula

44
Q

What is the difference between transcortical sensory aphasia and wernickes?

A

more mild but verbatim repetition is relatively spared

45
Q

What area has associated damage with transcortical sensory aphasia?

A

end of the superior temporal sulcus–like the angular gyrus

parietal hemorrhage

46
Q

Where is the transcortical motor aphasia lesion?

A

anterior or superior to Broca’s

47
Q

What is the difference that transcortical motor aphasia has from Broca’s?

A

Resembles, but verbatim repetition is relatively preserved

48
Q

Where is the damage associated with anomic aphasia?

A

left inferotemporal regions often due to trauma

49
Q

What are the long term defects in anomic aphasia?

A

naming and verbal memory defects

50
Q

Lesions to the left basal ganglia results in variable language impairments plus dysarthria?

A

subcortical ‘atypical’ aphasia

51
Q

The left thalamic damage can cause aphasias similar to what?

A

often resembling the transcortical aphasias

52
Q

Progressive fluent aphasia has progressive atrophy of what?

A

left temporal polar cortex and the planum temporal…sparing of Heschl’s gyrus.

53
Q

What boundary does progressive aphasia with frontotemporal dementia respect?

A

boundary between primary and association cortex

54
Q

What disease–personality changes, poor judgement, sparse and perseverative speech, speech becomes echolalic?

A

progressive aphasia with frontotemporal dementia

55
Q

What are the major causes in general of the aphasias?

A

stroke (left MCA)
head trauma
Tumor
neurodegenerative diseases (many of them)

56
Q

T-F– by assessing repetition, aural comprehension and fluency you can arrive at a preliminary diagnosis of aphasia?

A

True

57
Q

What aphasia has impaired repetition but not fluency or comprehension?

A

conduction

58
Q

What aphasia has impaired repetition and fluency, but not comprehension?

A

broca

59
Q

What aphasia has impaired fluency but not repetition or comprehension?

A

TCMA

60
Q

What aphasia has impaired repetition, fluency, comprehension?

A

global

61
Q

What aphasia has impaired repetition and comprehension, but not fluency?

A

wernicke

62
Q

What aphasia has impaired comprehension, but not repetition or fluency?

A

TCSA

63
Q

If aphasia is present for 3-4 months onset, is complete recovery likely?

A

No

64
Q

How long may gradual improvement occur?

A

12 or more months

65
Q

Does comprehension or production recover more?

A

comprehension

[better recovery in youth, higher premorbid abilities, head trauma over stroke]

NEURO FINAL SELF (5 decks)

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