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Advanced Higher Biology > 2. Key Area 1- Field Techniques for Biologists > Flashcards

2. Key Area 1- Field Techniques for Biologists Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a hazard

A

A hazard is a source of potential harm danger

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2
Q

What is a risk assessment?

A

A risk assessment involves identifying control measures to minimise risk

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3
Q

What are the different hazards field work may present?

A
  1. adverse weather conditions
  2. difficult terrain
  3. problems associated with isolation
  4. contact with harmful organisms
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4
Q

What are the control measures to minimise hazards?

A
  1. appropriate equipment
  2. clothing
  3. footwear
  4. means of communication
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5
Q

How should sampling be carried out?

A

Sampling should be carried out in a manner than minimises impact on wild species and habitats

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6
Q

What types of species must be given special consideration when carrying out fieldwork?

A

Rare and vulnerable species

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7
Q

What are the different types of sampling technique?

A
  1. point count
  2. transect
  3. remote detection
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8
Q

What is point count?

A

Point count involves the observer recording all individuals seen from a fixed point count location. It can be compared to other point count locations or with data from the same location gathered at other times

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9
Q

What equipment is used to carry out point counts?

A

Camera, binoculars and telescopes

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10
Q

What is a transect?

A

A transect is a line along which different samples can be taken. Often used in areas where the terrain or abiotic factors are changeable

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11
Q

What abiotic factors can be sampled in transect studies?

A

Light intensity, pH and salinity

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12
Q

What can be measured in transect studies? apart from abiotic factors

A

Plant abundance, abundance of sessile (immobile) slow moving organisms

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13
Q

What is a point count sampling technique?

A

Where the observer records all individuals seen from a fixed point count location. Counts are recorded by recording all species seen from a stationary point

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14
Q

What does the remote detection sampling technique involve?

A

Uses camera traps that are triggered when wildlife is present

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15
Q

What is an advantage of remote detection?

A

More elusive species (species that are difficult to find) can be observed without the observer being present

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16
Q

What is another indirect method of sampling organisms?

A

Scat sampling where animal droppings are collected in particular areas, providing information about species abundance and diet

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of sampling techniques?

A
  1. random sampling
  2. stratified sampling
  3. systematic sampling
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18
Q

What are the 3 types of sampling techniques?

A
  1. random sampling
  2. stratified sampling
  3. systematic sampling
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19
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Individuals are selected from the larger population must be chosen by chance

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20
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

One large population may be divided up into smaller sub-populations first and individuals are randomly selected from the sub populations

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21
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

Taken at regular intervals e.g every 2 metres along a transect

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22
Q

What can identification of an organism sample be made using?

A
  • classification guides
  • biological keys
  • analysis of DNA or protein
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23
Q

What are two ways organisms can be classified?

A

taxonomy and phylogenetics

24
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

Taxonomy is where organisms are identified and named by classification groups determined by their shared characteristics

25
Q

What is phylogenetics?

A

Is the study of evolutionary history and relationships among groups and individuals

26
Q

What heritable traits does phylogenetics use?

A
  • Morphology
  • DNA sequences
  • protein structure
27
Q

What are better known organisms that cana be easily studied or have been studied extensively?

A

Model organisms

28
Q

What are 5 examples of model organisms?

A
  • Bacterium: E. coli
  • Flowring plant: Arabidopilis Thaliana
  • Nematode: C. elegans
  • Arthropod: D. melanogaster
  • Chordates: mice, rats and zebrafish
29
Q

What can genetic evidence in phylogenetics reveal?

A

Relatedness obscured by divergent and convergent evolution

30
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

The accumulation of differences as species from a common ancestor undergo changes over time e.g changes to the pentadactyl limb

31
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Similar structures that have evolved from different ancestries e.g wings in bats and birds

32
Q

What does familiarity with taxonomic groupings allow?

A

Predictions and inferences to be made about the biology of an organism from better known model organisms

33
Q

What are the 3 domains of life?

A
  • archaea
  • bacteria
  • eukaryota
34
Q

What are indicator species? What information do they give with their presence/ lack of presence?

A

Presence, absence or abundance of indicator species can give information of environmental qualities such as presence of a pollutant (e.g sulfur dioxide in the air or human species in water). Susceptible and favoured species can be used to monitor and ecosystem

35
Q

What does absence or reduced population of a species indicate?

A

Indicates that a species is susceptible to some factor in the environment

36
Q

What does abundance or increased population of a species indicate?

A

Indicates it is favoured by the conditions

37
Q

What is an example of an indicator species? and what does it indicate?

A

Lichen
Good indicator of air quality. Its absence indicates that sulfur dioxide pollution is in the air

38
Q

How is a population size estimated? (3 processes)

A
  • sampling
  • direction count of the population within a set area can be used to estimate the total population size
  • a mark and recapture technique can give an estimate of total population size
39
Q

What is the formula for the total estimated population

A

N = MC/ R
N- total population that is estimated
M- sample population is captured, marked and released
C- After an interval of time, the second sample is captured
R- number of sample recaptured from the first sample population

40
Q

What does the mark and recapture method assume?

A
  • All individuals have an equal chance of capture
  • That there is no immigration or emigration
  • That individuals that are marked and released can mix fully and randomly with the population
41
Q

What does it mean if the R (recaptured number of animals that are marked) is too low?

A

This may be due to errors in marking, the population may be overestimated

42
Q

What does it mean if the R (recaptured number of animals that are marked) is too high?

A

This may be due to the inadequate dispersal from the release site, the population will be underestimated

43
Q

What are the 5 methods of marking animals?

A
  • Banding
  • tagging
  • Surgical implantation
  • Painting
    -Hairclipping
44
Q

What is important to remember when marking animals?

A

The method of marking and subsequent observation must minimise the impact on the study species or affect the survival chance pf the study species

45
Q

What is the study of animal behaviour?

A

Ethology

46
Q

Why do we of animal behaviour?

A
  • Informs us about the evolution of how we think, act and interact
  • Understanding why animals behave the way they do
  • Understand when an animal has a need and uses this information to make changes to benefit an animals welfare
47
Q

What are the different measurements used to quantify animal behaviour?

A
  • Latency
  • Frequency
  • Duration
48
Q

What is latency?

A

The time between the stimulus occurring and the response behaviour

49
Q

What is frequency?

A

The number of times a behaviour occurs within the observation period

50
Q

What is duration?

A

The length of time each behaviour occurs during an observation period

51
Q

What is the list of species specific behaviours to be ordered and recorded through observation?

A

Ethogram

52
Q

What do ethograms allow the construction of?

A

The construction of time budgets

53
Q

What is a time budget?

A

Allocated time frame for particular behaviours to occur

54
Q

What is anthropomorphism?

A

The attribution of human characteristics or behaviours or emotions to an animals behaviour

55
Q

Why is it important to avoid anthropomorphism?

A

It can lead to invalid conclusions/ data recorded because the researcher thinks a behaviour is being exhibited when it is not

Advanced Higher Biology (10 decks)

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