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PPGH > 2. Introduction to Public Health Values and Inequalities > Flashcards

2. Introduction to Public Health Values and Inequalities Flashcards

1
Q

what is HEALTH

A

a state of complete PHYSICAL, MENTAL and SOCIAL WELLBEING
and NOT merely the ABSENCE of disease or infirmity

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2
Q

THREE dimensions of HEALTH

A
  • health is about BODILY STRUCTURE and FUNCTION
  • health is about a subjective MENTAL and EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE
  • health is a capability to PARTICIPATE EFFECTIVELY in INDIVIDUAL and COMMUNITY LIFE
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3
Q

'’SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH are the….
(by WHO)

A

the CONDITIONS in which people are BORN, GROW, LIVE, WORK and AGE.
These circumstances are SHAPED by the DISTRIUTION of MONEY, POWER and RESOURCES at GLOBAL, NATIONAL and LOCAL levels’’

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4
Q

how are the DETERMINANTS of HEALTH shown in Dahlgren and Whitehead’s rainbow model

A
  1. AGE, SEX and CONSTITUTIONAL FACTORS
  2. INDIVIDUAL LIFESTYLE FACTORS
  3. SOCIAL and COMMUNITY NETWORKS
  4. LIVING and WORKING CONDITIONS
  5. GENERAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC, CULTURAL and ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
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5
Q

in Dahlgren and Whitehead’s rainbow model what does LIVING and WORKING CONDITIONS include

A
  • AGRICULTURE and FOOD PRODUCTION
  • EDUCATION
  • WORK ENVIRONMENT
  • UNEMPLOYMENT
  • WATER and SANITATION
  • HEALTH CARE SERVICES
  • HOUSING
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6
Q

which factors contribute the MOST to the DETERMINENTS of health

A
  • Socioeconomic factors (40%)
  • Health Behaviours (30%)
  • Clinical Care (20%)
  • Environment (20%)
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7
Q

what are HEALTH INEQUALITIES

A

DIFFERENCE in HEALTH STATUS
by level of SOCIAL ADVANTAGE or DISADVANTAGE
that are:
- SYSTEMATIC
- SOCIALLY PRODUCED
- MODIFIABLE
- UNFAIR

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8
Q

5 conditions that explain the GAP in HEALTH between the RICHEST and POOREST groups

A
  • HEALTH SERVICES
  • INCOME SECURITY and SOCIAL PROTECTION (35%)
  • LIVING ENVIRONMENT (29%)
  • SOCIAL and HUMAN CAPITAL
  • EMPLOYMENT and WORKING CONDITIONS
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9
Q

the CONDITIONS in which PEOPLE are BORN, GROW, LIVE, WORK and AGE are known as the…

A

SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH

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10
Q

the SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH are SHAPED by..

A

the DISTRIUTION of MONEY, POWER and RESOURCES

at a GLOBAL, NATIONAL and LOCAL LEVELS

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11
Q

SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH lead to

A

HEALTH INEQUITIES

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12
Q

WHO framework of the SOCIAL DETERMINANTS of HEALTH:

A
  • STRUCTUAL DETERMINANTS
    socioeconomic and political context (governance, policies, values)
  • INTERMEDIARY DETERMINANTS
    material circumstances eg housing, money for food, work environment
    psychosocial factors eg stressful circumstances
    behaviours
    biological factors

both BRIDGED by SOCIAL COHESION and CAPITAL

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13
Q

Socioeconomic Position is characterised by..

A
  • Education
  • Occupation
  • Income
  • Gender
  • Ethnicity
  • Social Class
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14
Q

how is an ABSOLUTE INEQUALITY measured

A

by RATE DIFFERENCE

eg. 10-5 = 5

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15
Q

how is a RELATIVE INEQUALITY measured

A

by RATE RATIO

eg. 10/5 = 2

higher rates with the same difference means smaller relative inequalities

eg. 25/20 = 1.25

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16
Q

what is the DEFINITION of PUBLIC HEALTH

A

‘the science and art of PREVENTING DISEASE, PROLONGING LIFE and PROMOTING HEALTH through the organised efforts of society’

17
Q

a PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACH from problem to response: (4 steps)

A
  1. SURVEILLANCE: what is the PROBLEM?
  2. RISK FACTOR IDENTIFICATION: what is the CAUSE?
  3. INTERVENTION EVALUATION: what WORKS?
  4. IMPLEMENTATION: HOW do you do it?
18
Q

PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACH: English Health Inequalities Strategy 2000-2010
TARGET:

A

REDUCE LIFE EXPECTANCY GAP between DEPRIVED areas and the rest of the COUNTRY

  • Tax and Benefit Changes to reduce child poverty
  • Sure Start - Early years services
  • more NHS Resources in Deprived areas
  • Targeted Primary and Secondary Prevention Services
19
Q

'’HEALTH NEEDS ASSESSMENT is a systematic Method for…

A

REVIEWING the HEALTH ISSUES facing a POPULATION, leading to agreed PRIORITIES and RESOURCE ALLOCATION that will IMPROVE HEALTH and REDUCE INEQUALITIES’’

20
Q

HEALTH NEEDS ASSESSMENT can be based on:

A
  • WHOLE POPULATION living in an area eg. Liverpool, GP practice
  • SUB POPULATIONS eg homeless, children
  • a particular SERVICE or GROUP OF SERVICES eg sexual health services, diabetes services
21
Q

HEALTH NEEDS ASSESSMENT
EVIDENCE of.. triangle

A
  • EVIDENCE of the PATTERN of HEALTH CONDITIONS, their DETERMINANTS and IMPACTS
  • EVIDENCE of WHAT WORKS for WHOM
  • EVIDENCE of what is currently available (SUPPLY) and how it is being used (ACCESS)
22
Q

STEPS of HEALTH NEEDS ASSESSMENT

A
  1. DEFINING the POPULATION
  2. DEFINING the NEEDS
  3. ANALYSING EVIDENCE
  4. PRIORITISING ACTIONS

PPGH (10 decks)

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