1. INTRO

Question 1

what is PUBLIC HEALTH

Answer 1

The art and science of PREVENTING disease, PROLONGING life and PROMOTING HEALTH through the organised efforts of society

Question 2

what are the 3 PUBLIC HEALTH DOMAINS

Answer 2

• HEALTH IMPROVEMENT
• HEALTH SERVICES
• HEALTH PROTECTION

Question 3

what is HEALTH IMPROVEMENT

Answer 3

world health organisation: ‘The process of enabling people to INCREASE CONTROL over and to IMPROVE their HEALTH’

known as HEALTH PROMOTION
– health education campaigns
– initiatives to promote healthier lifestyles through behaviour change techniques

Question 4

How can HEALTH IMPROVEMENT aka Health Promotion be done

Answer 4

– health education campaigns

– initiatives to promote healthier lifestyles through BEHAVIOUR CHANGE techniques

Question 5

what is HEALTH PROTECTION

Answer 5

PROTECTING POPULATIONS from a wide range of THREATS to their health
eg.
– communicable DISEASES
– ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
e.g. chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear threats, extreme weather

Question 6

HEALTH SERVICES means

Answer 6

ASSESSING healthcare interventions and services to ensure they are:

– clinically EFFECTIVE
– COST-effective
– EQUITABLE (FAIR)
– SAFE
– RESPONSIVE to patient’s NEEDS & EXPECTATIONS

Question 7

HEALTH SERVICES means ASSESSING healthcare interventions and services to ensure they are: (5)

Answer 7

• CLINICALLY EFFECTIVE
• COST-EFFECTIVE
• EQUITABLE (fair)
• SAFE
• RESPONSIVE to patient’s NEEDS & EXPECTATIONS

Question 8

2 useful PUBLIC HEALTH FRAMEWORKS (that cause health and disease in populations) are:

Answer 8

• ECO-SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE
• LIFE COURSE PERSPECTIVE

Question 9

ECO-SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE aka Dahlgren and Whitehead’s ‘rainbow’ model of the DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
5 Layers are:

Answer 9

4th outer (purple):
GENERAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC, CULTURAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

3rd (green):
LIVING & WORKING CONDITIONS:

AGRICULTURE&FOOD PRODUCTION, EDUCATION, WORK ENVIRONMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT, WATER & SANITATION, HEALTH CARE SERVICES, HOUSING

2nd (orange):
SOCIAL & COMMUNITY NETWORKS

1st (blue):
INDIVIDUAL LIFESTYLE FACTORS
eg. smoking, nutrition, alcohol, physical activity
modifiable

CENTRE:
AGE,SEX,CONSTITUTIONAL FACTORS
and genetic profile, biological makeup.
often non-modifiable

Question 10

ECO-SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE aka Dahlgren and Whitehead’s ‘rainbow’ model of the DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
2nd layer orange : SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY NETWORKS meaning

Answer 10

ie. interactions with friends, family and other members of the community
important for maintaining health including mental health

lack of social and community networks, and chronic loneliness, produces long-term damage to physiological health via raised stress hormones, poorer immune function and cardiovascular health

Question 11

ECO-SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE aka Dahlgren and Whitehead’s ‘rainbow’ model of the DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH

OUTER LAYER (4th, purple) : GENERAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC, CULTURAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS includes

Answer 11

poverty, standards of living, place of women in society, legislation, taxation, levels of inequalities, and global factors
that form the foundation of our ability to lead healthy lives

Question 12

the LIFE-COURSE PERSPECTIVE:

Answer 12

CRITICAL & SENSITIVE PERIODS in our life

• RISKS may operate SEQUENTIALLY or ACCUMULATE over time to AMPLIFY the LIKELIHOOD that disease will occur

1. PERINATAL PERIOD
2. INFANCY/CHILDHOOD (0-14)
3. ADOLESCENCE/ YOUNG ADULTHOOD (15-24)
4. ADULTHOOD (25-64)
5. OLDER ADULTHOOD (65+)

Question 13

2 CORE PUBLIC HEALTH PRINCIPLES:

Answer 13

• PREVENTION
• HEALTH EQUITY

Question 14

HEALTH INEQUITIES are

Answer 14

unnecessary, avoidable and unfair HEALTH INEQUALITIES

(equality does not equal equity)