2. How can we measure democracy? --> NOG TOEVOEGEN over onderzoek

Question 1

What are states

Answer 1

Weber 1918:
States are an entity, sucesfully claiming a monopoly on the legitimate use of force.

Ideally, states:
* Guarantee a minimul level of security for citizens.
* implement policies + deliver basic public services
* generate resources to maintain public services and state institutions

Territory + institutions, relatively stable over time

Question 2

What are regimes

Answer 2

Lindberg, 2006:
Regimes are “the rules governing the distribution of power and the relations between the agents of power.”
the way that territory is governed.
So, patterns/ relationships of power.
Relatively stable, but less stable than states.

Political regime can stay the same, while people in power change.

Question 3

What are governments?

Answer 3

O’Neil, 2015:
Governments are the ‘‘leadership that runs the state’’
Actors of power.
Actors change more often, depending on the type of regime.

Question 4

State/regime/government conclusion

Answer 4

State -> what people rule over
Regimes –> how people rule
Government-> group/individuals that rule

Question 5

Modern political democracy

Answer 5

system of governance in which those in power are held accountable for their actions in the public domain by the citizens, who act indirectly through competition + cooperation of their elected representatives..

Question 6

Regime/ system of governance

Answer 6

a set of patterns that determines the mode of access to the most important public offices: the characteristics of the actors who are allowed or excluded from that access
→ the strategies that actors can use to gain access + the rules that are followed when making publicly binding decisions.

Question 7

Classification on democracy

Answer 7

• liberal democracy
• onliberal democracy
• radical democracy

each different dimensions:
- elections
- law and order
-protection rights
- citizen + political responsibilities

Question 8

Distinguishing states

Answer 8

1. Independent states
2. Colonies/ protectorates
3. failed states/ war states

Question 9

Distinguishing independent states

Answer 9

1. electoral regimes
2. non-electoral regimes

Question 10

Distinguishing electoral regimes

Answer 10

1. liberal democracies
2. electoral democracies
3. electoral authoritarian regimes

Question 11

Minimalist definition of Democracy (Huntington definition)

Answer 11

Democracy is a political system in which the most powerful collective decision-makers are selected through fair, honest and periodic elections in which candidates freely compete for votes, and in which virtually all the adult population is eligible to vote.

Question 12

Two-turnover test democracy (huntington, 1991(

Answer 12

–> the rule of thumb to decide whether regimes made transition to democracy
If elections resulted in peaceful alternation of power twice

Question 13

Defintion of democracy (Schumpeter, 1975)

Answer 13

Democratic method is “that institutional arrangement for making political decisions by which individuals gain the power to decide through a competitive struggle for the vote of the people”.
–> The vote of people gives power to make decisions

Question 14

Dahl definition (short) of democracy

Answer 14

(he liked the greek ideal polis)
Polyarchie.
Democratie bestaat niet uit één unieke set van bestaande instituties → er bestaan vele soorten democratieën + met verschillende procedures dat een vergelijkbaar geheel van effecten vormt.

Question 15

Defintion democracy (Przeworski, 1996)

Answer 15

Democracy is system in which parties lose elections
–> completely focused on just elections

Question 16

Dahl expanded procedural definitions of democracy (electoral) - polyarchie

Answer 16

Electoral
1. elected officials
2. free and fair elections
3. inclusive suffrage
4. right to run for office., for partically all adults

• control over government decisions about policy is consitutional vested in elected officals
• elected officals are chosen in frequent, and failry conducted elections in which coercion is comparatively uncommon.

Question 17

Dahl definition (short) of democracy

Answer 17

(he liked the greek ideal polis)
Polyarchie.
Democratie bestaat niet uit één unieke set van bestaande instituties → er bestaan vele soorten democratieën + met verschillende procedures dat een vergelijkbaar geheel van effecten vormt.

Question 18

Dahl expanded procedural definitions of democracy (non-electoral)

Answer 18

non-electoral
1. freedom of speech
2. alternate information
3. autonomy of Association

Question 19

Smitter and Karl addition to expanded definition of democracy by Dahl

Answer 19

Add that in real existing democracies:
1. there is an absence of reserved power domains
2. there is state sovereignty

Question 20

O’donnels addition to expanded definition of democracy by Dahl

Answer 20

Rule of law.
All citizens including incumbents are subject to rule of law

Question 21

Substantive defintions of democracy

Answer 21

also include desirable outcomes, such as income equality

Question 22

Coppage et al.’s main point on defining democracy

Answer 22

There are varieties of democracy.
Countries can be democratic in different ways, democracy consists of any dimensions/ elements that together form the overall democratic regime.

Question 23

Regimes definition dicotoom of continuous

Answer 23

Democracy or not –> minimalistic approach
- which is easier to measure

Democracy on a scale of degrees –>
- progress is easy to follow/ compare,
just harder to define.

Question 24

3 Phases democratization

Answer 24

1. Democratic transition
2. Democratic stabilisation/consolidation
3. Democratic deepening

Question 25

Electoral autocracy

Answer 25

no free media, electoral fraud, opposition in prison, etc.

Question 26

Electoral democracy

Answer 26

free, frequent elections, governments are replaced, problems with checks + balances + issues with minority group protection

Question 27

Democratic transition

Answer 27

implies transition of political regime from autocracy to democracy
widely studied in 1900. Traditions and transition moment were visible.

Question 28

Democratic consolidation/stabilisation

Answer 28

refers to stabilization of new regime, once transition to democracy has taken place. During the 90’s.

Question 29

Democratic deepening

Answer 29

refers to processes of gradual improvement of quality of democracy, after stabilizing.
follows empirical evidence of things happening → what problems do we see in current democracies, and how do we solve them?