2. Growth and Development of the Plant Body

Question 1

the process by which a fertilized egg cell (zygote) develops into a mature embryo, ultimately giving rise to a new plant.

Answer 1

Embryogenesis

Question 2

after fertilization, the zygote divides to form two cells:______?

Answer 2

Apical cell and basal cell

Question 3

apical cell produces _______
basal cell produces _________

Answer 3

proembryo, suspensor

Question 4

provides a route for nutrition to be transported from the mother plant to the growing embryo

Answer 4

Basal cell

Question 5

What are the 4 stages of embryogenesis?

Answer 5

Globular stage
Heart stage
Torpedo stage
Mature embryo

Question 6

In this stage, results from the continual division of the proembryo to form an octant (8-celled) embryo and radial patterning is first established.

Answer 6

Globular stage

Question 7

This stage results from rapid cell division on each side of the embryo. outgrowths from these areas of rapid cell division form the cotyledons which act as food
stores for the embryo.

Answer 7

Heart stage

Question 8

In this stage, area between the cotyledons forms the shoot apical meristem which will develop into the
shoot of the germinated plant.
And bilateral symmetry is first established

Answer 8

Heart stage

Question 9

In heart stage, embryo develops what 3 regions?

Answer 9

Apical region
Middle region
hypophysis

Question 10

What gives rise to cotyledons and shoot apical meristem?
What gives rise to the hypocotyl, root, and majority of the root meristem?
What gives rise to the root apical meristem

Answer 10

apical region
middle region
hypophysis

Question 11

What stage results from generalized cell elongation throughout the embryo and continued elongation of
the cotyledons?

Answer 11

Torpedo stage

Question 12

During this stage, cell division is concentrated in the shoot apical meristem and the root apical meristem and
majority of the suspensor deteriorates during this stage

Answer 12

Torpedo stage

Question 13

What stage is when embryo folds over and starts to lose water and root apical meristem develops into the radicle (embryonic root)

Answer 13

Mature embryo

Question 14

The embryo becomes dormant and halts all metabolic activity and cell division
seed is ready for dispersal; growth resumes once seed germinates and embryo becomes
seedling

Answer 14

Mature embryo

Question 15

Root Development:

In________, radicle is the first root to develop in the embryo.
if the radicle continues to develop after embryo growth, it becomes the _______
may give rise to lateral roots as the plant approaches maturity

Answer 15

Root development, primary root

Question 16

Root Development:
______ continues to be a region of active mitotic division
gives rise to derivative cells that expand and elongate which pushes the root apical
meristem deeper into the soil

Answer 16

root apical meristem,

Question 17

Root Development:
What protects the root apical meristem from mechanical damage as the root grows into the soil
and provides lubrication as the outer cells are sloughed off

Answer 17

Root cap

Question 18

epidermal cells proximal to the root tip develop hair-like extensions called ____
greatly increase the surface area available for water and mineral absorption

Answer 18

root hairs

Question 19

What is the parenchymatous region between the vascular cylinder and the epidermis ?

Answer 19

Cortex

Question 20

All roots have a central vascular cylinder composed of _____ and ______

Answer 20

xylem and phloem

Question 21

What is the tissue within the vascular cylinder surrounding the xylem and phloem?

Answer 21

Pith

Question 22

The vascular tissue of all roots is surrounded by a cylinder of cells called the _____

Answer 22

endodermis

Question 23

Endodermal cells each possess this one and this is the tangential band of suberin that
infiltrates the cell wall
functions as a water-impermeable
binding material to the plasma
membrane of endodermal cells

Answer 23

Casparian strip

Question 24

Shoot development:
______= stem plus associated leaves
first shoot develops from the _________ of the embryo
shoot apical meristem located at the tip of the shoot

Answer 24

shoot, epicotyl

Question 25

more proximal to the SAM, outermost cell layers of a shoot begin to rapidly divide to form the ______

Answer 25

leaf primordium (immature leaf)

Question 26

_____(upper junction between leaf and stem) divide and differentiate into ___ which matures into a bud (immature shoot system)

Answer 26

axil , bud primordium

Question 27

Shoot development: It is the modification of the eustele in monocots; collateral vascular bundles are positioned throughout the stem tissue.

Answer 27

Atactostele

Question 28

tissue between bundles is called the

Answer 28

ground meristem

Question 29

vascular bundles surrounded by______(composed of sclerenchyma fibers)

Answer 29

bundle caps

Question 30

_____= first xylem that matures in a group of vascular tissue; smaller in diameter

Answer 30

protoxylem

Question 31

xylem that develops later; larger in diameter

Answer 31

metaxylem

Question 32

What are the three protoxylem orientation?

Answer 32

exarch, endarch, mesarch

Question 33

______= protoxylem oriented outside relative to metaxylem _______= protoxylem oriented toward center of stele relative to metaxylem ___-= protoxylem surrounded by metaxylem within the vascular tissue

Answer 33

exarch, endarch, mesarch

Question 34

Leaves arise from_______

Answer 34

leaf primordia

Question 35

__________- = columnar; adaxial; small intercellular spaces ___________ = irregularly-shaped; abaxial; large intercellular spaces

Answer 35

palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll

Question 36

Adaxial or abaxial? xylem and phloem?

Answer 36

xylem adaxial; phloem abaxial

Question 37

What allows exchange of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water with the environment has two chlorophyllous guard cells with a stoma in between occur mostly on leaves and predominate on abaxial surface

Answer 37

stomate

Question 38

Stomate is associated with ___________- that facilitate ion exchange and therefore opening and closing the stomate

Answer 38

subsidiary cells

Question 39

The series of changes in a living organism that lead to its death; also called programmed cell death

Answer 39

Senescence

Question 40

Senescence can be controlled by various chemicals: _________ = prevent senescence ___= induce senescence

Answer 40

auxin and cytokinins, ethylene

Question 41

How is senescence triggered?

Answer 41

hormonal signals (auxin, cytokinin, ethylene) changes in cytosolic calcium concentrations activation of hydrolytic enzymes sequestered in the vacuole through collapse of the vacuole

Question 42

What are the common changes in senescence:

Answer 42

decline of chlorophyll content increase in anthocyanins and carotenoids proteolysis and decrease in content of nucleic acids increase in leakiness of cells (associated with disorganization of membrane lipids)

Question 43

_________ occurs in response to pathogen attack and is associated with active resistance

Answer 43

hypersensitive response

Question 44

What is the accumulation of changes that lower the vitality of a living entity without being lethal themselves. This may lead into senescence.

Answer 44

Aging

Question 45

The response to mechanical interference is termed

Answer 45

thigmomorphogenesis

Question 46

The process of initiation and development of embryoids from plant somatic cells is termed

Answer 46

somatic embryogenesis