2. Global Incidences & Causes Flashcards
Which cancer has the highest incidence among European men?
Prostate
Which cancer has the highest incidence among males globally?
Lung
What is the dif fence between incidence and prevalence?
Incidence = number of people newly diagnosed
Prevalence = all people who have the diagnosis (newly diagnosed, diagnosed in past, and those who haven’t been diagnosed if data is obtainable)
Which cancer is responsible for most deaths in females worldwide?
Breast
What does ASR stand for?
Age-standardized rate
Liver and stomach have a higher ASR for mortality than incidence, what can this tell us about the disease?
There is poor survival/prognosis
Which definition is most useful or describing burden of disease?
(Incidence, prevalence, ASR, mortality)
Prevalence
Which definition allows comparable data
(Incidence, prevalence, ASR, mortality)
ASR
Why and how are ASRs useful?
They are useful for making geographical and temporal (time) comparisons as they take into account differences in age structure of a population
How many cancers are diagnosed in the UK each year?
Over 350,000
Which 4 cancers account for more than half of new cancers diagnosed in the UK (the big 4)?
Breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal
How many cancers out of 10 are attributable to preventable risk factors?
4/10
What are 5 known risk factors?
Tobacco smoking
Radiation & occupational exposures
Obesity
Diet
Alcohol
What % of colorectal cancer is attributable t processed meat consumption?
13%
What is the most important risk factor of beast cancer?
Obesity
What % of breast cancer is attributable to preventable risk factors?
23%
What does PAR stand for?
Population attributable factor
What is PAR?
An estimate of reduction of cancer burden in hypothetical scenario that the risk factor is eradicated from the population.
It assumes that a relative risk is >1 and not influenced by confounding
What is PAR influenced by
The prevalence (proportion exposed) of the risk factor
The relative risk
What is RR estimated from?
Cohort or case study
How do you calculate PAR?
(Prop. Exposed) x (RR-1)
————————————
(Prop. Exposed) x (RR-1) +1
Hypothetical example:
Moderate alcohol drinking increases risk of breast cancer by 80% and occurs in 15% of female population.
How would you calculate the PAR?
Prop exposed = 0.15
RR = 1.8 (as increases by 80%)
(0.15 x 0.8) / ((0.5x0.8)+1)
(= 0.107 or 10.7%)
When was the link between smoking and lung cancer first established?
In 1952 by Richard Doll
When was tobacco smoking identified as a carcinogen?
In 1985
