2. Global Incidences & Causes

Question 1

Which cancer has the highest incidence among European men?

Answer 1

Prostate

Question 2

Which cancer has the highest incidence among males globally?

Answer 2

Lung

Question 3

What is the dif fence between incidence and prevalence?

Answer 3

Incidence = number of people newly diagnosed
Prevalence = all people who have the diagnosis (newly diagnosed, diagnosed in past, and those who haven’t been diagnosed if data is obtainable)

Question 4

Which cancer is responsible for most deaths in females worldwide?

Answer 4

Breast

Question 5

What does ASR stand for?

Answer 5

Age-standardized rate

Question 6

Liver and stomach have a higher ASR for mortality than incidence, what can this tell us about the disease?

Answer 6

There is poor survival/prognosis

Question 7

Which definition is most useful or describing burden of disease?
(Incidence, prevalence, ASR, mortality)

Answer 7

Prevalence

Question 8

Which definition allows comparable data
(Incidence, prevalence, ASR, mortality)

Answer 8

ASR

Question 9

Why and how are ASRs useful?

Answer 9

They are useful for making geographical and temporal (time) comparisons as they take into account differences in age structure of a population

Question 10

How many cancers are diagnosed in the UK each year?

Answer 10

Over 350,000

Question 11

Which 4 cancers account for more than half of new cancers diagnosed in the UK (the big 4)?

Answer 11

Breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal

Question 12

How many cancers out of 10 are attributable to preventable risk factors?

Answer 12

4/10

Question 13

What are 5 known risk factors?

Answer 13

Tobacco smoking
Radiation & occupational exposures
Obesity
Diet
Alcohol

Question 14

What % of colorectal cancer is attributable t processed meat consumption?

Answer 14

13%

Question 15

What is the most important risk factor of beast cancer?

Answer 15

Obesity

Question 16

What % of breast cancer is attributable to preventable risk factors?

Answer 16

23%

Question 17

What does PAR stand for?

Answer 17

Population attributable factor

Question 18

What is PAR?

Answer 18

An estimate of reduction of cancer burden in hypothetical scenario that the risk factor is eradicated from the population.
It assumes that a relative risk is >1 and not influenced by confounding

Question 19

What is PAR influenced by

Answer 19

The prevalence (proportion exposed) of the risk factor
The relative risk

Question 20

What is RR estimated from?

Answer 20

Cohort or case study

Question 21

How do you calculate PAR?

Answer 21

(Prop. Exposed) x (RR-1)
————————————
(Prop. Exposed) x (RR-1) +1

Question 22

Hypothetical example:
Moderate alcohol drinking increases risk of breast cancer by 80% and occurs in 15% of female population.
How would you calculate the PAR?

Answer 22

Prop exposed = 0.15
RR = 1.8 (as increases by 80%)
(0.15 x 0.8) / ((0.5x0.8)+1)
(= 0.107 or 10.7%)

Question 23

When was the link between smoking and lung cancer first established?

Answer 23

In 1952 by Richard Doll

Question 24

When was tobacco smoking identified as a carcinogen?

Answer 24

In 1985

Question 25

How many carcinogens is contained in an average cigarette?

Answer 25

over 60

Question 26

What is a meta analysis?

Answer 26

A quantitative way to analyze data from different studies

Question 27

What cancers does alcohol have a link to?

Answer 27

Strongly linked to oral and oesophagel cancer

Question 28

Which cancer is known to account for 80% of liver cancers in Asia?

Answer 28

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

Question 29

What infection(s) are frequently associated with HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma)

Answer 29

Hepatitis B and C

Question 30

Describe a “demographic time bomb’ and the effect it has on the risk of cancer

Answer 30

There is an increase of cancer in the future as a result of the increase in elderly population.
The risk of cancer stays the same