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Year 1 Animal Physiology > 2. Epithelia > Flashcards

2. Epithelia Flashcards

General Features of Epithelia Functional Classification of Epithelia ECM and Connective Tissue Skin

1
Q

Name the four types of animal tissue.

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Nervous Tissue

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2
Q

Give an example of why epithelia moves.

A

Important in making new tissues, cancer invasion and wound formation.

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3
Q

List the four functions of epithelial tissue

A

Protection, Permeability, Sensation, Secretion

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4
Q

Epithelia is described as polarised. What does that mean.

A

Has different ends (apical and basal ends) containing different proteins seperated by cell junctions

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5
Q

What does Avascular mean?

A

No blood vessels

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6
Q

How does epithelia get molecules found in blood without a blood supply.

A

Join to connective tissue with blood supply. Molecules diffuse from connective tissue to epithelial cells

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7
Q

Give a property of epithelial tissue

A

Cellular, polarised, cell-cell or cell-substrate attachment avascular an regeneration and repair.

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8
Q

What is covering epithelia?

A

Covers or lines body surface, cavities and tubes

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9
Q

What is glandular epithelia?

A

Form functional units of secretory glands

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10
Q

What do cell junctions do?

A

Maintain distinctions between the different membranes (apical, lateral and basal) and prevents molecules entering from other cells.

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11
Q

What is the function of basement membrane?

A

Holds the cells in place and seperates it from other tissues

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12
Q

Which membrane faces the lumen?

A

Apical

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13
Q

How do nutrient get through epithelial layer.

A

Transported into epithelial cells and then releases into intercellular space.

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14
Q

Which membrane would contain enzymes for digestion?

A

Apical

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15
Q

What does squamous mean?

A

Width greater than height. Central nucleus

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16
Q

If epithelial cells have equal height and width, what are they called?

A

Cuboidal - Central nucleus

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17
Q

What does columnar mean?

A

Height greater than width. Basal nucleus

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18
Q

What is a simple cell layer

A

One cell thick, all connected to basement membrane (absorption, secretion)

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19
Q

What is a stratified cell layer?

A

Multiple cell layers, only base in contact with basement membrane. May contain more than one shape (protective)

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20
Q

What is a pseudo-stratified layer?

A

Appears multi-layered but only one cell thick (simple), all contact basement membrane but not lumen. Nucleus all at different levels.

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21
Q

What does keratinised mean?

A

Has protein that makes surface water proof (skin)

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22
Q

What type of epithelia would you expect to find simple, squamous cells?

A

Exchange Epithelia (for short diffusion of gases) (lungs and blood vessels)

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23
Q

What type of epithelia would you expect to find cuboidal cells with microvilli and lots of mitochondria?

A

Transport Epithelia (for selective exchange of non-gaseous materials (ions))(Digestive system and kidney)

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24
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

Moves fluid and molecules along tissue surface.

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25
Q

What type of epithelia would you expect to find in your skin

A

Protective Epithelia - stratified and of different shapes.

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26
Q

What are exocrine glands)

A

Glands that are made up of secretory epithelia that secretes tears, sweat and mucus. They contain duct.

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27
Q

Do endocrine gland contain a duct?

A

No they are ductless and secrete hormones

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28
Q

What shape of cell would you expect to see in the alveoli of lungs?

A

Simple Squamous (for passive transport of gases and fluid)

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29
Q

What shape of cell would you expect to see in the pancreas?

A

Simple cuboidal (secretory, excretory and absorptive)

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30
Q

Where would i find simple columnar ciliated epithelia?

A

Fallopian Tube and small intestine (moves food along lumen)

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31
Q

What is the function of non-keratinised stratified squamous cells?

A

Protective

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32
Q

What is the function of keratinised stratified squamous cells?

A

Waterproof

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33
Q

What are Cilia?

A

Hair-like extensions of the cytoskeleton composed of a core of microtubules (2 central microtubules and 9 surrounding ones)

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34
Q

What are microtubules made up of?

A

Tubulin Heterodimers

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35
Q

How many protofilaments do isolated microtubules contain?

A

13

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36
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

Moves molecules along the surface, sensory antennae, generate and send signals.

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37
Q

How is the shape of microvilli maintained?

A

Actin microfilaments run entire length of microvillus with + end at the tip and - end anchored to bottom attached to intermediate filaments

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38
Q

How small are microvilli

A

about 700nm

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39
Q

Number and shape of microvilli correlates with what?

A

Cell’s absorptive capacity

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40
Q

What do microvilli do?

A

Increase SA for highly absroptive cells in small intestine and kidney.

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41
Q

Where are Stereocilia found?

A

Ear cochlea

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42
Q

What supports the structure of stereocilia?

A

Actin filaments and cross-linked by fimbrin

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43
Q

What is longer, microvilli or stereocilia?

A

Stereocilia

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44
Q

What are basolateral folds?

A

Deep invaginations of the lateral surface of the cell that faces adjacent cells and underlying connective tissue which increase SA (mainly found in cells involved in ion transport)

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45
Q

What are Podocytes?

A

Found in the visceral layer of bowman’s capsule wrap around capillaries of glomerulus, leaves slits around bowman’s capsule to allow small molecules to be forces out of capillaries but prevent large molecules entering.

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46
Q

Name the 4 types of cell junctions

A

Tight, Adherens and Gap Junctions and Desmosomes.

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47
Q

What is the function of tight junctions?

A

Block the passage of contents in between the cells and restricts movement of proteins and lipids between the apical and basolateral membranes

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48
Q

What is the function of adherens junction and desmosomes?

A

Attach cells to each other via cytoskeleton

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49
Q

What is the difference between adherens and desmosomes?

A

Desmosomes linked to intermediate filaments whereas adherens linked to actin filaments

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50
Q

What is the function of gap junctions?

A

Coordination and communication between adjacent cells for contraction or electrolyte transport.

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51
Q

Name the two cell-matrix junctions.

A

Hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions

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52
Q

What is the difference between the two cell-matrix junctions?

A

Hemidesmosomes are linked to intermediate filaments and focal adhesions are linked to actin filaments

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53
Q

Where would you find the basement membrane?

A

Between epithelial cells and connective tissue

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54
Q

What is the composition of the basement membrane?

A

Collagen, Proteoglycans, Laminin, Enactin and Fibronectin

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55
Q

Name the 5 functions of the basement membrane.

A

Structural attachment, compartmentalisation, filtration, tissue scaffold and signalling

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56
Q

Secretory cells which are organised into functional groups are called what?

A

Glands

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57
Q

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

A

Endocrine are ductless and secreted directly into bloodstream (hormones) whereas exocrine have a duct.

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58
Q

Describe the merocrine secretory mechanism.

A

Exocrine - Membrane bound vesicles containing product fuse with membrane - exocytosis - releasing molecules into lumen

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59
Q

Describe the apocrine secretory mechanism

A

Exocrine - Release product in vesicles surrounded by cytoplasm and plasma membrane

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60
Q

Describe the holocrine secretory mechanism

A

Exocrine - whole cell containing product undergoes programmeed cell death and products released

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61
Q

Describe the endocrine secretory mechanism

A

Exocytosis of product from cell which diffuses into bloodstream

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62
Q

Name the 3 secretory products

A

Protein, Mucin (mucus) and Steroid (lipid)

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63
Q

What organelles would you expect to see in protein secreting cells?

A

Large nucleus, abundant RER and electron dense vesicles

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64
Q

Describe the structure of endocrine glands

A

Consists of clumps of secretory cells surrounded by network of blood vessels

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65
Q

List 5 connective tissue components

A

Fat cells, lymphocyte. Macrophage, Capillary, Melanocyte, Reticular Fibres, Mast Cells, Elastic fibres, Collagen fibres and ECM

66
Q

Describe the structure of bone in terms of it being a connective tissue.

A

Has less ECM and dense fibres for strength

67
Q

Name a disease that can be causes by lack of connective tissue.

A

Arachnodactyly, Scurvy, Marfan Syndrome and Hypermobility

68
Q

The nucleus of epithelial cells is influenced by what?

A

The position of actin.

69
Q

What is fibronectin?

A

Mutlifunctional glycoprotein - mediates adhesion between a wide range of cells and ECM components

70
Q

List 4 functions of connective tissue.

A

Provides form and support, physical barrier, connects and anchors, medium for exchange of molecules, defence and protection, cushioning and thermoregulation, signalling, ageing and stem cell biology.

71
Q

Describe the structure of loose (areolar) connective tissue

A

Flexible, multiple cell types, collagen fibres thin and sparse (less packed together), ECM occuies greater volume than fibres, viscous but permits diffusion

72
Q

Describe the structure of irregular dense connective tissue

A

Mostly collagen fibres, little ECM, provides strength, collagen irregularly in bundles

73
Q

Where would you find loose connective tissue?

A

Dermis

74
Q

Where would you find irregular dense connective tissue?

A

Muscle, Nerve Sheaths

75
Q

Describe the structure of regular dense connective tissue

A

Mostly collagen fibres, little ECM, parrallel array, main constituents of ligaments, tendons and aponeuroses

76
Q

Where would you find regular dense connective tissue?

A

Tendons, ligaments

77
Q

What do tendons link together?

A

Muscle to bone

78
Q

List the 6 specialised connective tissue

A

Bone, Cartilage, Adipose Tissue, Blood, Haemopoietic Tissue, Lymphatic Tissue

79
Q

What can connective tissue do for defence against pathogens?

A

Undergo swelling (inflammatory), contains immune cells

80
Q

Describe the structure of tendons

A

Parallel bundles of collagen fibres with rows of fibroblasts in between, less elastic fibres.

81
Q

What does Epidtendinium mean?

A

Outer capsule collagen fibres less regularly orientated

82
Q

What does Endotendinium mean?

A

Connective Tissue partitioning in the tendon also contains nerves and blood vessels.

83
Q

Describe the structure of ligaments

A

Contain fibres and fibroblasts in parallel, less regularly orientated than in tendons and mostly collagen, some with nervous system consist of elastic fibres.

84
Q

Describe the structure of aponeuroses

A

Broad, flattened tendons, have collagen fibres in layers with adjacent fibres at right angles to each other (orthogonal array),

85
Q

What produces connective tissue fibres?

A

Fibroblasts

86
Q

Name the 5 connective tissue fibres

A

Collagen fibres, Reticular fibres, Elastin Fibres, Fibrillin and Fibronectin

87
Q

What is the most abundant connective tissue fibre?

A

Collagen fibres

88
Q

Describe structure of collagen fibres.

A

Flexible, high tensile strength, made up of collagen fibrils, straight fibres but overlapping, triple helix (3 polypeptides)

89
Q

Describe the structure of Reticular fibres

A

Composed of type III collagen. branched and arranged in a network, found in the boundary between connective tissue and epithelium and around fat cells, small blood vessels, nerves and muscles.

90
Q

Describe the structure of elastin fibres

A

Thinner than collagen, coiled, linked by covalent links producing 3D meshwork, interwoven with collagen fibres to prevent tearing, produced by fibroblasts smooth muscle, central core of elastin, surrounded by fibrillin microfibrils

91
Q

List 2 functions of the extracellular matrix

A

Provides mechanical strength and structural support, biochemical barrier, anchors cells, cellular migration pathways in development and repair and binds and retains growth factors

92
Q

What is the ground substance composed of?

A

Protoglycans, Glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins

93
Q

Where is ground substance found?

A

Found between cells and fibres of connective tissue. Gel like consistency with lots of water.

94
Q

What ability do multiadhesive glycoproteins have?

A

Ability to bind multiple cell surface proteins and ECM components

95
Q

Name the 6 fixed components of connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, macrophages, adipose cells, mast cells and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

96
Q

Name the 6 wandering components of connective tissue

A

Lymphocytes, Plasma Cells, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes and Basophils

97
Q

What do myofibroblasts do?

A

Synthesize fibres and ECM (wound closing and healing) – contain contractile machinery plus RER, have gap junctions

98
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Immune response (find and present foreign antigens)

99
Q

I am a lipid storing cell and synthesise hormones and growth factors. What cell am i?

A

Adipose Cells

100
Q

Name a cell that conducts an immune response

A

Macrophages, Mast Cells. Lymphocytes, Plasma Cells, Neutrophils, Basophils

101
Q

Which cell promotes inflammation?

A

Mast Cells

102
Q

What do undifferentiated mesenchymal cells do?

A

Potential to rise to differentiated cells that repair and grow tissues, for neo-vascularization

103
Q

Which cells secrete antibodies?

A

Plasma Cells

104
Q

Which cells are responsible for phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophiles

105
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Cause allergic reactions

106
Q

What is the link between macrophages and monocytes?

A

Monocytes develop into macrophages

107
Q

What is the link between basophils and mast cells?

A

They both have similar functions

108
Q

What is the largest organ?

A

Skin

109
Q

Name the 5 functions of the skin

A

Protection, Sensation, Thermoregulation, Metabolism and Sexual Attraction

110
Q

How does the skin protect the body?

A

mechanical, chemical and microbial barrier, waterproof, UV protection, camouflage,

111
Q

Skin type is dependant on what?

A

Genotype

112
Q

Where would you expect skin to be very thick?

A

Soles of Feet

113
Q

Name the 3 layers of skin ranking them in order of outside body inwards

A

Epidermis, Dermis and Hyperdermis

114
Q

Name the 4 cell types that make up the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells

115
Q

What separates the epidermis from the dermis

A

Basement membrane

116
Q

Name the 4 layers of the epidermis.

A

Cornified layer (stratum corneum), granular layer (stratum granulosum), spinous (prickle) layer (stratum spinosum) and basal layer (stratum basale/ stratum germinativum

117
Q

Describe the cornified envelope

A

Crosslinked protein layer under membrane of cornified cells.

118
Q

What features do melanocytes provide to skin?

A

Produce Melanin for skin Colour and protection against UV

119
Q

Where are melanocytes found in the epidermis?

A

Basal layer bound to basement membrane

120
Q

What is a melanoma?

A

Malignant melanocytes due to repeated exposure to UV light

121
Q

What is the function of Langerhan cells?

A

Component of immune system - recognise antigens and present it to T cells. Has cytoplasmic processes extending between cells.

122
Q

Where are Langerhan cells found in the epidermis?

A

Spinous layer.

123
Q

What is the function of merkel cells?

A

Sensory receptors in the epidermis (light, touch), form synaptic junctions with peripheral nerve endings (mainly in fingertips)

124
Q

What stain shows all the cells in the epidermis?

A

H+E

125
Q

Where in the epidermis would you find a merkel cell?

A

Basal layer

126
Q

What am i describing: Thin epidermis, thick dermis, poorly developed rete ridge system, hair present, few sweat glands present

A

Thin skin

127
Q

What am i describing: Thick epidermis, thin dermis, well developed rete ridge system, no hair present, many sweat glands present, many sensory organs present.

A

Thick skin

128
Q

Which of the 3 layers of the skin is connective tissue

A

Dermis

129
Q

What does the dermis contain?

A

Connnective Tissue, Nerves, Blood vessels, Fibroblasts, fibrocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes mast cells, ECM, epidermal appendages, sensroy cells.

130
Q

What is papillary dermis?

A

Less collagen and elastic fibres and more glycosaminoglycans and small capillaries. (thin and vertically orientated

131
Q

What is Reticular dermis?

A

Dense collagen and thick elastic fibres, major blood vessels and lymphatics (thick and horizontal)

132
Q

What does the hypodermis contain?

A

Composed mostly of adipose tissue and collagen fibres, contains epidermal appendages, major blood supply and nerves

133
Q

What is the function of the hypodermis?

A

Acts as an insulator, shock absorber and food source

134
Q

List the 4 epidermal appendages.

A

Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, eccrine or merocrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glans in man.

135
Q

What determines the colour of hair follicles?

A

Melanocytes

136
Q

What does sebaceous glands secrete?

A

Sebum (lipids, waxes - coats hair and skin)

137
Q

How do sebaceous glands secrete its product?

A

Holocrine secretion (cell die and release contents into duct)

138
Q

Why do we need eccrine and merocrine sweat glands?

A

Regulates body temperature - sweat

139
Q

What controls eccrine and merocrine sweat gland?

A

Autonomic NS

140
Q

What cells secrete watery component of sweat

A

Clear Cell

141
Q

What do dark cells do?

A

Secrete proteinaceous component of sweat

142
Q

What do myoepithelial cells?

A

Contractile - expel secretions

143
Q

Apocrine sweat glands are found where?

A

Genitalia, anus and armpits (hair follicle rich)

144
Q

What does apocrine sweat glands produce?

A

Produce milky viscous oily liquid (rich in proteins and lipids)

145
Q

What causes the strong odour produced from apocrine sweat gland?

A

Microbial Activity

146
Q

What is the main function of apocrine sweat glands?

A

Product mark territory and cause sexual attraction (e.g. pheromones)

147
Q

Name 3 sensors found in skin.

A

Merkels disc, pacinian corpuscles, meissners corpuscles, organ of Ruffini, Root hair plexus, Free nerve endings

148
Q

State the stimulus and location of free nerve endings

A

Pain, itch temperature - Epidermis

149
Q

State the stimulus and location of pacinian corpuscle

A

Pressure, Vibration - Lower Dermis

150
Q

State the stimulus and location of Organ of Ruffini

A

Mechanoreceptors - Dermis

151
Q

List 4 skin properties

A

Protection, Absorption, Response to injury, sensory organ, thermoregulation, immunity, endocrine functions, appearance

152
Q

What causes waterproof?

A

Keratin and Sebum

153
Q

What causes thermal insulation?

A

Fat tissue in hypodermis

154
Q

What induces inflammation?

A

Cytokines secreted by keratinocytes

155
Q

What is the pacinian corpuscle?

A

Encapsulated nerve ending, nerve fibres surrounded by lamella structure formed from modified Schwann cells. Mainly in palms and soles.

156
Q

What is meissners corpuscle?

A

Encapsulated nerve ending, spirally arranged, mainly in hands and feet

157
Q

Describe basal keratinocytes.

A

Cuboidal or low columnar epithelium, mitosis (stem cells and daughters) bound to basement membrane by hemidesmosomes and bound to each other by desmosomes

158
Q

Describe spinous keratinocytes.

A

No mitosis, cell move upwards from basal layer. Cell tightly bound together by desmosomes. Cells rich in keratohyalin granules and keratin filaments

159
Q

Describe granular keratinocytes.

A

cell flatten, lose nucleus and other organelles. Cells contain many keratohyalin granules and keratin bundles. Cells secrete lipids and change the composition of cell membrane – produce surface keratin and waterproof substances.

160
Q

Describe stratum keratinocytes.

A

tightly packed flattened, dead remains of the cells, cornified envelope: cross linked protein layer under the membrane of cornified cells. Cornified Envelopes + lipids = Epidermal Barrier

Year 1 Animal Physiology (9 decks)

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