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06. HDM Test 2 > 2. Effector Mechanisms of T Cell Mediated Immunity > Flashcards

2. Effector Mechanisms of T Cell Mediated Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general functions of a Th1 Cell?

A

Activation of cell mediated response to intracellular pathogens

Activates macrophages with IFN-γ

Promotes tumor immunity

Drives autoimmunity :(

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2
Q

In the Fas-FasL mediated apoptotic pathway, what is the function of Caspase 3?

A

Activates CAD by degrading its inhibitor (ICAD)

This causes DNA degradation and apoptosis

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3
Q

What is the role in CD40 on dendritic cells in educating / licensing CD8 T Cells?

A

CD40 interacts with CD40L on CD4 T Cells, which then secrete IL-2 and IL-21 to assist in the activation of CD8 T Cells.

Simultaneously the dendritic cell, due to CD40 interaction, secretes IL-12 to assist in T Cell activation as well.

CD40 also upregulates B7 (CD80/CD86) production and stimulates cross presentation

slide 29/30

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4
Q

How do Th1 cells amplify their own response as they’re being activated?

A

They secrete IFN-γ, which inhibits the development of Th2 and Th17 cells.

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5
Q

What is the defining cytokine for Th1 Cells?

A

IFN-γ

pg 133

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6
Q

What granzyme has been shown to be required for CTL cytotoxicity in vivo?

What is its direct action?

A

Granzyme B

Activation of caspase-3

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7
Q

What is the general function of a Tfh (Follicular Helper T) Cell?

A

They remain in the lymph nodes and help B Cells

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8
Q

What is the general function of a Th17 Cell?

A

Involved in inflammation and anti-bacterial response (extracellular bactera)

Recruits neutrophils and monocytes.

Possible tumor immunity?

Breaks immune tolerance :(

Autoimmunity :( (due to the above)

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9
Q

What cells secrete the cytokine that triggers differentiation into Th2 cells?

What cytokine are they producing to do that?

A

Mast cells and Eosinophils

IL-4

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10
Q

What transcription factor is involved in CTL (CD8+ T Cell) differentiation?

A

T-bet

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11
Q

How do Th2 cells amplify their own response as they are activated?

A

Production of IL-4 inhibits development of Th1 and Th17 cells.

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of immune evasion for:

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)?

A

Inhibition of antigen presentation by interfering with TAP

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13
Q

What transcription factors trigger differentiation into Th17 cells?

A

RORγt

STAT3

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14
Q

What do alternatively activated macrophages do?

A

Tissue repair

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15
Q

In the Fas-FasL mediated apoptotic pathway for Type II Cells, how do we get from Caspase 8 to Caspase 3?

A

Caspase-8 cleaves BID, which stimulates Cytochrome C.

Cytochrome C, Apaf-1, and ATP all work together to activate Caspase 9, which then activates Caspase 3.

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16
Q

What are the inducing cytokines for Treg cells?

A

IL-2

TGF-β

17
Q

What are the inducing cytokines for Th17 cells?

A

TGF-β

IL-1

IL-6

18
Q

What cytokine is produced by macrophages to activate Th17 cells?

A

IL-23

19
Q

What are the defining cytokines for Th2 cells?

A

IL-4

IL-5

IL-13

pg 133

20
Q

In the Fas-FasL mediated apoptotic pathway, what happens in Type 1 cells once Caspase 8 is created?

A

Caspase 8 directly cleaves caspase-3

21
Q

What are the inducing cytokines for Th1 Cells?

A

IL-12

22
Q

What two cytokines are produced by Th2 Cells to activate macrophages through the alternative macrophage activation pathway?

A

IL-4

IL-13

23
Q

How does TGF-β promote Th17 responses?

A

Supresses Th1 and Th2

(Th1 and Th2 supress Th17 differentiation)

24
Q

What is the mechanism of immune evasion for:

Pox virus?

A

Produces soluble cytokine receptors (basically antibodies) that bind up IL-1 and IFN-γ, inhibiting effector cell activation.

25
Q

What is the mechanism of immune evasion for:

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

A

Inhibition of antigen presentation by interfering with the proteosome so that antigens cannot be packaged.

Produces anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 to inhibit macrophage and dendritic cell activation.

26
Q

What is the mechanism of immune evasion for:

Cytomegalovirus?

A

Inhibition of antigen presentation by two methods:

Interferes with proteosome so antigens can’t be packaged

Removes class 1 MHC from the ER, so it can’t be packaged upon

27
Q

What are the inducing cytokines for Th2 cells?

A

IL-4

28
Q

Where is the gene for CD40L located?

A

On the X Chromosome

29
Q

In the Fas-FasL mediated apoptotic pathway, what is the fist step toward apoptosis?

A

Procaspase-8 is altered by the FADD adapter to become Caspase 8

30
Q

What cytokine is involved in autocrine stimulation of Th17 cells?

A

IL-21

31
Q

What is the general function of a Th2 Cell?

A

Activation of antibody mediated response to extracellular pathogens

Allergy :(

Athsma :(

32
Q

What transcription factors trigger differentiation into Th2 cells?

A

GATA-3

STAT6

33
Q

What transcription factors trigger differentiation into Th1 Cells?

A

T-bet

Stat4

Stat1

34
Q

What is the function of IL-17?

A

Protects from extracellular pathogens

Involved in tissue inflammation

Autoimmunity :(

35
Q

What is the mechanism of immune evasion for:

Mycobacteria?

A

They interfere with the fusion of the phagolysosome, and survive in the phagosome.

36
Q

What is the defining cytokine for Th17 Cells?

A

IL-17 (thus the name)

IL-22

pg 133

37
Q

Macrophages produce CD40 constitutively. What cell produces the ligand for CD40 (CD40L) when it is activated?

A

Th1 cells

06. HDM Test 2 (9 decks)

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