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Oral Pathology Exam 1 > 2 Developmental Anomalies > Flashcards

2 Developmental Anomalies Flashcards

1
Q

cleft lip vs cleft palate

A

Cleft lip- defective fusion of medial nasal and maxillary processes

Cleft palate- defective fusion of lateral palatal shelves

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2
Q

prevalence of CL and CP

A
  • 45% CL and CP (males 2:1 females)
  • 30% CP (more common in females)
  • 25% CL
  • 1/700-1000 births in whites
  • 1.5x more frequently in Asians
  • 0.4/1000 in blacks
  • 3.6/1000 in Native American Indians (highest rate)
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3
Q

highest rate of CL/CP

A

Native American Indians

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4
Q

tx for CL/CP

A

multidisciplinary approach (OMFS, ENT, plastic surgery, speech pathologist)

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5
Q

another name for paramedian lip pits

A

van der Woude syndrome

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6
Q

inherited autosomal dominant invaginations of the lower lip, in combo with CL and/or CP

A

paramedian lip pits

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7
Q

most minimal manifestation of CP, more common than CP (1-2% of population)

A

bifid uvula

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8
Q

mucosal invagination at commissure of lip, may result from failure of normal fusion of the embryonal maxillary and mandibular processes, 12-20% of the adult population

A

commissural lip pits

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9
Q

male:female prevalence of commissural lip pits

A

males > females

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10
Q

blind fistulas 1-4 mm, small amount of fluid expressed from pit when squeezed

A

commissural lip pits

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11
Q

Are commissural lip pits unilateral or bilateral?

A

may be either

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12
Q

excess fold of tissue on the mucosal surface of the lip, usually congenital but may be acquired

A

double lip

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13
Q

Which lip is more commonly affected with double lip? Unilateral or bilateral?

A
  • upper lip > lower lip, but both lips may be affected

- may be uni- or bilateral

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14
Q

Name the syndrome:

  • double lip
  • edema of upper eyelids
  • nontoxic thyroid enlargement
A

Ascher syndrome

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15
Q

sebaceous glands found on the oral mucosa, affects 80% of the population

A

fordyce granules

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16
Q

multiple whitish-yellow papules 1-3 mm found in the mouth or genital mucosa

A

fordyce granules

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17
Q

most common sites for fordyce granules

A

buccal mucosa, upper lip, retromolar space, anterior tonsillar pillar

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18
Q

asymptomatic anomaly, patient may note roughness, no tx needed

A

fordyce granules

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19
Q

diffuse, grayish-white milky opalescent appearance, may look wrinkled, does not rub off, disappears when stretched, no tx needed

A

leukoedema

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20
Q
  • 70-90% of black adults
  • less common in white adults
  • more common in smokers of any race
A

leukoedema

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21
Q

most common site of leukoedema

A

bilateral buccal mucosa

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22
Q

histopathology: epithelium is thickened and exhibits intracellular edema (the clear spaces)

A

leukoedema

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23
Q

abnormally small tongue, may be associated with different syndromes, speech is variable

A

microglossia

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24
Q

associated with constricted maxillary and mandibular arches

A

microglossia

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25
Q

tx for microglossia

A

speech therapy, ortho, surgery?

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26
Q

enlargement of the tongue, can be an acquired change or congenital

A

macroglossia

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27
Q

congenital (3) vs acquired (5) abnormalities associated with macroglossia

A

Congenital:

  • vascular growths
  • down syndrome
  • neurofibromatosis

Acquired:

  • edentulism
  • amyloidosis
  • hypothyroidism in adults
  • acromegaly
  • benign or malignant tumors
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28
Q

crenated lateral border of the tongue, noisy breathing, drooling, difficulty eating, lisping speech, can lead to mandibular prognathism

A

macroglossia

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29
Q

tx for macroglossia

A

none, speech therapy, surgery depending on cause

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30
Q

short, thick lingual frenum causing limited tongue movement, mild to complete fusion to floor of mouth, causes minor speech difficulties

A

ankyloglossia

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31
Q

prevalence of ankyloglossia

A

males > females, affects 1.7-10.7% of neonates

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32
Q

tx for ankyloglossia

A

none, surgical release

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33
Q

Describe normal thyroid formation.

A

In the 3-4th week of fetal life, the thyroid starts to form in the pharyngeal gut. At the 7th week, it descends into the neck, its normal location via the thyroglossal tract.

34
Q

If the thyroid does not descend, ectopic thyroid tissues may be found anywhere from the tongue to the epiglottis.

A

lingual thyroid

35
Q

4-7x more common in women

A

lingual thyroid

36
Q

In ___% of people who have lingual thyroid, this is their only thyroid.

A

70%

37
Q

small to large, can result in dysphagia, dysphonia, or dyspnea

A

lingual thyroid

38
Q

how to diagnose lingual thyroid

A

iodine isotope scan, technetium-99m scan, may hemorrhage with biopsy so avoid this

39
Q

tx for lingual thyroid

A
  • none if patient is asymptomatic
  • suppressive therapy with supplemental thyroid hormone to try to reduce lesion size
  • surgery or I131 if hormone therapy is unsuccessful
  • hormone replacement therapy may also be necessary if it is removed or treated with I131 (this may be the patient’s only functioning thyroid tissue)
40
Q

numerous grooves and fissures on the dorsal tongue, “variation of normal”, hereditary link

A

fissured tongue

41
Q

2-6 mm fissures or clefts on the dorsal tongue

A

fissured tongue

42
Q
  • affects 2-5% of the population
  • prevalence increases
  • 30% of older adults
  • unknown cause
A

fissured tongue

43
Q

histopathology: hyperplasia of rete ridges of the filiform papillae and loss of keratin on the surface

A

fissured tongue

44
Q

usually asymptomatic, may complain of mild burning, correlation between this anomaly and geographic tongue, no tx necessary

A

fissured tongue

45
Q

layer of keratin on the dorsal tongue, gives it a white appearance

A

coated tongue

46
Q

excess accumulation of keratin on filiform papillae on the dorsal tongue

A

hairy tongue

47
Q

Causes of hairy tongue (2):

A
  • increased keratin production

- decreased keratin desquamation

48
Q

tx for hairy tongue

A

none necessary, scraping/brushing

49
Q

can have brown, yellow or black pigmentation on the tongue, results from pigment producing bacteria or staining from tobacco/food

A

hairy tongue

50
Q

staining of the tongue after use of bismuth subsalicylate for upset stomach

A

bismuth staining

51
Q

How does bismuth staining come about?

A

bismuth interacts with sulfur in saliva to form bismuth sulfide

52
Q

abnormally dilated, tortuous veins, blue-purple elevated, soft

A

varicosities/varicies /varix

53
Q

What causes varicosities/varicies/varix?

A

as we age, there is a loss of CT tone supporting the vessels

54
Q

most common sites for varicosities/varicies/varix

A

lateral and ventral tongue, lips and buccal mucosa

55
Q

age affected by varicosities/varicies/varix

A

2/3 of people over age 60

56
Q

tx for varicosities

A

no tx necessary, may be removed for aesthetics

57
Q

common vascular anomaly, main arterial branch extends into the superficial submucosal tissues, linear papular elevation, bluish, pulsation, no tx necessary

A

caliber persistent artery

58
Q

bony protuberance arising from the cortical plate, 0.09-19% of adults

A

exostoses

59
Q

3 locations of exostoses:

A

1) Buccal- bilateral row of bony hard nodules
2) Palatal- lingual aspect of the maxillary tuberosity
3) Subpontine

60
Q

tx for exostoses

A

none or surgery (if interferers with appliance)

61
Q

lingual mandibular alveolar ridge, affects 7-10% of US population

A

mandibular torus (tori) aka torus mandibularis

62
Q

Mandibular tori –> unilateral or bilateral?

A

usually bilateral (90%), can be unilateral

63
Q

Mandibular tori may correlate with _______.

A

bruxism

64
Q

another name for maxillary torus

A

torus palatinus

65
Q

location of maxillary torus (torus palatinus)

A

midline suture of the hard palate

66
Q

4-60% of US population, females 2:1 males

A

maxillary torus (torus palatinus)

67
Q

most are < 2 cm but can slowly get bigger, subject to trauma, composed of dense lamellar bone

A

maxillary torus (torus palatinus)

68
Q

lingual mandibular salivary gland depression, corticated radiolucent lesion, normal salivary gland tissue, if diagnosis is in question on plain films can confirm with CT, no tx needed

A

Stafne defect (Stafne bone cyst)

69
Q

location of Stafne defect

A

posterior mandible

70
Q

80-90% in men

A

Stafne defect

71
Q

Stafne defect –> unilateral or bilateral?

A

most are unilateral

72
Q

radiolucent lesion seen in films below the inferior alveolar canal, asymptomatic, usually between molar region and angle of the ramus

A

Stafne defect

73
Q

Styloid process is a bony projection that

  • Originates from?
  • Anterior and medial to?
  • Connected to ____ by _____?
  • What lies on either side?
A
  • originated from the inferior aspect of the temporal bone
  • anterior and medial to the stylomastoid foramen
  • connected to the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone by the stylohyoid ligament
  • the external and internal carotid arteries lie on either side
74
Q

Elongation of the styloid process or mineralization of the stylohyoid ligament complex –> unilateral or bilateral?

A

usually bilateral but can be unilateral

75
Q

Most are asymptomatic, but a small number of patients with elongation of the styloid process or mineralization of the stylohyoid ligament complex experience symptoms. What is this syndrome called?

A

Eagle syndrome

76
Q

impingement or compression of adjacent nerves or blood vessels, calcification can be seen on panoramic or lateral-jaw radiographs

A

Eagle syndrome

77
Q

symptoms of eagle syndrome

A
  • vague facial pain when swallowing, turning the head, or opening the mouth
  • dysphagia
  • dysphonia
  • otalgia
  • headache
  • dizziness
  • transient syncope
78
Q

can be palpated in the tonsillar fossa area, may be painful

A

Eagle syndrome

79
Q

Eagle syndrome can occur after this surgery:

A

tonsillectomy –> scar tissue in the area of a mineralized stylohyoid complex

*some say you should only use the term Eagle syndrome when it develops following tonsillectomy or other neck trauma

80
Q

results in cervicopharyngeal pain in the region of cranial nerves V, VII, and X (especially when swallowing)

A

Eagle syndrome

81
Q

tx of Eagle syndrome (mild vs severe cases)

A

Mild cases = no tx, reassure patient

Severe cases = partial surgical excision of the elongated sytloid process or mineralized stylohyoid ligament is required

Oral Pathology Exam 1 (16 decks)

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