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BDS4 Paediatrics > 2 - Dental anomalies > Flashcards

2 - Dental anomalies Flashcards

1
Q

What are the dental anomalies of number?

A
  • hypodontia
  • hyperdontia/supernumerary
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2
Q

What is hypodontia?

A
  • failure of development of teeth
  • more common in permanent dentition
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3
Q

What are the most common teeth to be involved in hypodontia?

A
  • mandibular premolars
  • maxillary lateral incisors
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4
Q

Which teeth are least likely to be missing?

A
  • FPM
  • maxillary central incisors
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5
Q

What is a Celtic canine?

A

Hypodontia of upper canines commonly found in Scotland and Ireland

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6
Q

What conditions are associated with hypodontia?

A
  • ectodermal dysplasia
  • down syndrome
  • cleft palate
  • Hurler’s syndrome
  • Incontinentia pigmentii
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7
Q

What are treatment options for hypodontia?

A
  • RRB
  • overdentures
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8
Q

What is the chronology of dental management of hypodontia?

A
  • diagnosis
  • removable prothesis (if required)
  • orthodontics
  • composite build ups
  • porcelain veneers/crowns and bridges
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9
Q

At what age can permanent indirect restorations be placed?

A
  • early 20s
  • gingival level can change up until this age so margins of restorations may be visible if done prior
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10
Q

What problems are associated with hypodontia?

A
  • abnormal shape and form
  • spacing
  • infraocclusion
  • deep overbite
  • reduced LAFH
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11
Q

What are the different types of supernumerary teeth?

A
  • conical
  • tuberculate
  • supplemental
  • odontome
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12
Q

Describe a conical supernumerary tooth.

A

Cone shaped

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13
Q

Describe a tuberculate supernumerary tooth.

A
  • barrel shaped
  • can have tubercles
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14
Q

Describe a supplemental supernumerary tooth.

A
  • looks like a tooth of the normal series
  • often smaller
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15
Q

Describe a odontome supernumerary tooth.

A
  • irregular mass of dental hard tissue
  • compound or complex
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16
Q

What are the dental anomalies of shape and size?

A
  • microdont
  • macrodont
  • double teeth (gemination)
  • odontomes
  • taurodontism
  • dilaceration
  • accessory cusps
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17
Q

What is a common microdont?

A

Peg shaped lateral incisors

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18
Q

What is a talon cusp?

A
  • accessory cusp
  • can have pulp within the cusp
  • requires selective grinding to encourage pulp to shrink back
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19
Q

What is dens en dente?

A
  • invagination of tooth
  • pulp within this area and can be exposed
  • appears like there is a tooth within a tooth on radiograph
  • must be sealed ASAP to prevent caries as very difficult to restore
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20
Q

What are the types of double tooth?

A
  • gemination (one tooth splits into two)
  • fusion (two teeth join to form one)
  • can be hard to distinguish so refer to as double teeth
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21
Q

What is taurodontism?

A
  • tooth appears normal
  • has flame shaped pulp which makes pulpal exposure more common
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22
Q

What are the dental anomalies of structure associated with the roots?

A
  • short roots
  • radiotherapy
  • dentine dysplasia
  • accessory roots
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23
Q

Why is short root anomaly a concern?

A

Orthodontic treatment

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24
Q

What are the dental anomalies of structure associated with the enamel?

A
  • amelogenesis imperfecta
  • environmental enamel hypoplasia
  • localised enamel hypoplasia
  • hypomineralised enamel
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25
Q

What are the different types of amelogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • hypoplastic
  • hypocalcified
  • hypomaturational
  • mixed with taurodontism
26
Q

What are the different causes of environmental enamel hypoplasia?

A
  • systemic (kidney/liver disease)
  • nutritional
  • metabolic
  • infection (eg measles)
27
Q

What are the different types of localised enamel hypoplasia?

A

Permanent successors to
- traumatised primary teeth
- infected primary teeth

28
Q

What permanent teeth are commonly affected by infection of primary teeth?

A
  • premolars
  • due to caries in primary molars
29
Q

What permanent teeth are commonly affected by trauma to primary teeth?

A

Incisors

30
Q

Give an example of environmental enamel defects.

A
  • fluorosis
  • MIH
31
Q

How is fluorosis managed?

A
  • microabrasion
  • veneers
  • vital bleaching
32
Q

What prenatal factors can cause generalised environmental enamel defects?

A
  • rubella
  • congenital syphilis
  • fluoride
  • cardiac and kidney disease
33
Q

What neonatal factors can cause generalised environmental enamel defects?

A
  • prematurity
  • meningitis
34
Q

What postnatal factors can cause generalised environmental enamel defects?

A
  • ear infection
  • measles
  • chickenpox
  • TB
  • pneumonia
  • vitamin deficiencies
35
Q

Describe the inheritance pattern of AI.

A
  • autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X linked
  • different variants across different continents
36
Q

How do you diagnose AI?

A
  • FH
  • affects primary and permanent
  • affects all teeth
  • can affect size, structure and colour
  • radiographs show radiolucency between enamel and dentine
37
Q

Describe hypoplastic AI.

A

Enamel crystals do not grow to correct length

38
Q

Describe hypomineralised AI.

A

Crystallites fail to grow in thickness and width

39
Q

Describe hypomaturational AI.

A

Enamel crystals grow incompletely in thickness or width but to normal length with incomplete mineralisation

40
Q

What problems are associated with AI?

A
  • sensitivity
  • caries
  • poor aesthetics
  • poor OH (due to sensitivity)
  • delayed eruption
  • AOB
41
Q

What treatment options are there for AI?

A
  • preventative therapy
  • composite veneers/wash (for appearance and sensitivity)
  • fissure sealants
  • metal onlays
  • SSC (used when young and can be replaced)
  • orthodontics
42
Q

What syndromes are associated with enamel defects?

A
  • incontinenta pigmenti
  • downs syndrome
  • prader-willi
  • porphyria
  • Hurler’s syndrome
43
Q

What are the dental anomalies of structure associated with dentine?

A
  • dentinogenesis imperfecta
  • dentine dysplasia
  • odontodysplasia
  • systemic disturbance
44
Q

How does dentine dysplasia present?

A
  • normal crown morphology
  • amber radiolucency
  • pulpal obliteration
  • short constricted roots
45
Q

How does odontodysplasia present?

A
  • localised arrest in tooth development
  • thin layers of enamel and dentine
  • large pulp chambers
  • “ghost teeth”
46
Q

What can cause systemic disturbance to dentine?

A
  • nutrition
  • metabolic
  • drugs
47
Q

What are the 3 types of dentinogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • type 1 (osteogenesis imperfecta)
  • type 2 (autosomal dominant)
  • Brandywine
48
Q

How do you diagnose dentinogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • appearance
  • FH
  • associated osteogenesis imperfecta
  • affects primary and permanent
  • radiographs show bulbous crowns, occult abscesses and obliterated pulps (types 1 and 2)
  • enamel loss
49
Q

How do children with osteogenesis imperfecta present?

A
  • blue sclera of eye
  • often wheelchair bound
  • frequent fractures
50
Q

What is an occult abscess?

A

Abscess without any demonstrable disease

51
Q

What problems are associated with dentinogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • aesthetics
  • caries
  • spontaneous abscess
  • poor prognosis
52
Q

What treatment options are available for dentinogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • prevention
  • composite veneers
  • overdentures and removable prostheses
  • SSC
53
Q

What syndromes are associated with dentine defects?

A
  • osteogenesis imperfecta
  • Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
  • rickets
  • hypophosphatasia
54
Q

What are the dental anomalies of structure associated with cementum?

A
  • hypoplasia of cellular component (cleidocranial dysplasia)
  • hypoplasia/aplasia of cementum (hypophosphatasia)
  • early loss of primary teeth, due to nothing holding them to bone (hypophosphatasia)
55
Q

What can cause premature eruption?

A
  • high birth weight
  • precocious puberty
56
Q

What can cause delayed eruption?

A
  • pre-term or low birth weight
  • malnutrition
  • associated syndromes
57
Q

What syndromes are associated with delayed eruption?

A
  • downs
  • hypothyroidism
  • hypopituitarism
  • cleidocranial dysplasia
58
Q

What can cause pseudo-delayed eruption?

A
  • gingival hyperplasia/overgrowth
  • teeth began eruption at correct time but have more/thicker tissue to move through
59
Q

What is a consequence of XLA of natal or neonatal teeth?

A
  • these teeth are teeth of the normal series
  • these primary teeth will now be missing until permanent teeth erupt to replace them
60
Q

What are causes of premature exfoliation?

A
  • trauma
  • following pulpotomy treatment
  • hypophosphatasia
  • immunological deficiency (eg cyclic neutropenia)
61
Q

What are causes of delayed exfoliation?

A
  • infraocclusion
  • double primary teeth
  • hypodontia
  • ectopic permanent successors
  • trauma

BDS4 Paediatrics (8 decks)

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