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6- UA > 2- Collection and Physical Examination of Urine > Flashcards

2- Collection and Physical Examination of Urine Flashcards

1
Q

Def: Inspecified, can be collected at any time (Types, Timing of collection)

A

Random

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2
Q

most common use of random is for

A

screening purposes

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3
Q

type of collection that can sometimes give an inaccurate view of a patient’s health

A

Random

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4
Q

Def: first voided the urine is generally more concentrated (Types, Timing of collection)

A

First morning

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5
Q

First morning collection aka

A

8-houre specimen

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6
Q

First morning , contains relatively higher levels of

A

cellular elements, or protein

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7
Q

Def: voided after 8 hours of fasting (Types, Timing of collection)

A

Fasting-second

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8
Q

Def: voided is before a meal, and to collect a specimen 2 hours after eating

(Types, Timing of collection)

A

Postprandial-first

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9
Q

Def: is collection of urine measures creatinine, urine urea nitrogen, glucose, sodium, potassium (Types, Timing of collection)

A

Timed

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10
Q

Timed collection aka

A

24 hour collection

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11
Q

Def: urine is the preferred type of specimen for bacteria culture and sensitivity testing

(Types, Timing of collection)

A

Midstream Clean Catch

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12
Q

Midstream Clean Catch is preferred because of

A

reduced incidence of cellular and microbial contamination

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13
Q

Refrigeration or chemical preservation of urine specimens should be utilized within ____ hours

A

2

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14
Q

most common Urine Preservatives

A

Boric acid

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15
Q

T/F

Preserved urine specimens can be stored at room temperature until time of testing

A

Ture

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16
Q

Physical Examination of Urine includes

A

Appearance

Specific gravity

Volume

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17
Q

the pigment that gives urine it’s characteristic yellow color

A

Urochrome

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18
Q

Urochrome aka

A

urobilin

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19
Q

contribute some pink or reddish color to urine

A

Uroerythrin

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20
Q

Normal urine color variations (list the possible colors)

A
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21
Q

Abnormal urine color variations White can be pathologic due to

A

Chyle

Lipids

Pyuria

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22
Q

Define Chyle

A

milky body fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats, or free fatty acids

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23
Q

Define Pyuria

A

Increased WBCs

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24
Q

Abnormal urine color variations White can be NON-pathologic due to

A

Phosphates

Vaginal creams

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25
Q

Abnormal urine color variations

Yellow to amber to orange - pathogenic

A

Liver Dysfunction

chemotherapy drugs

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26
Q

Liver Dysfunction can cause excessive

A

urobilin or bilirubin

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27
Q

Abnormal urine color variations

Yellow to amber to orange, NON-pathogenic

A

Carrots

dehydration

Food color

Vit B complex or C

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28
Q

Carrots contains

A

beta carotene

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29
Q

Abnormal urine color variations
Yellow to green
Pathologic

A

Biliverdin
Bilirubin

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30
Q

Abnormal urine color variations

  • *Yellow to green**
  • *NON**-Pathologic
31
Q

Abnormal urine color variations

Pink to red

Pathologic causes

A

Red blood cells
Hemoglobin
Myoglobin
Porphyrin

32
Q

Abnormal urine color variations

Pink to red

Non-Pathologic causes

A

Beets
Food color

33
Q

Abnormal urine color variations
Red to purple

Pathologic causes

34
Q

Abnormal urine color variations
are there any non-pathologic causes for “Red to purple” color

A

No

only pathologic

35
Q

Abnormal urine color variations
Red to brown

pathologic causes

A

Methemoglobin
Myoglobin

36
Q

Abnormal urine color variations

Red to brown

Non-Pathologic causes

A

none

only pathogenic

37
Q

Abnormal urine color variations
Brown to black

Pathologic causes

A

Bilirubin
Methemoglobin
Myoglobin
Melanin
Homogentisic acid (alkapton)

38
Q

Abnormal urine color variations
Brown to black

Non-Pathologic causes

A

Iron compounds
fava beans
aloe

39
Q

Abnormal urine color variations
Blue to green
Pathologic causes

A

Biliverdin (green color)
Pseudomonas infection

40
Q

Abnormal urine color variations
Blue to green

Non-Pathologic

A

Vitamin B12
Thymole
Diuretic therapy (blue urine color)

41
Q

Clarity of urine
Normal urine is usually ____

42
Q

Cloudy urine may contain

A

salts /crystals

43
Q

Hazy urine may contain

44
Q

Smoky urine may contain

45
Q

Turbid urine may contain

A

leukocytes

bacteria

pus

proteins

epithelial cells

46
Q

Milky urine may contain

A

fat or chyle

47
Q

Various non-urinary substances can cause urine
specimens to appear

A

hazy or cloudy

48
Q

Clear urine pathologic causes

A

Very dilute
Polyuria (DM, or DI)

49
Q

Clear urine Non-pathologic causes

A

Over-hydrated

50
Q

Hazy to cloudy to turbid urine pathologic causes

A

Varying degrees of
Casts
Cells
Crystals and calculi
Fat (lipid, chyle)
Microorganisms
Fecal contamination

51
Q

Hazy to cloudy to turbid urine non-pathologic causes

A

Creams, lotions
Crystals
Mucus
Radiographic dyes
Powders
Fecal contamination

52
Q

Pathologic causes for foamy urine

A

Significant amounts of protein (kidney disease)
UTI (e.g. pus)
Fistula from colon to bladder

53
Q

Non-pathologic causes for foamy urine

A

Rapid urination
Foam increased with urine concentration (e.g. dehydration)
Toilet cleaner

54
Q

Pathologic foamy urine persistently
become (more/less) noticeable over
time

A

more noticeable over time

55
Q

Sweet or “fruity” odor casued by

A

Ketones (e.g. DM)

56
Q

Pungent odor casued by

A

bacteria (ammonia) (e.g. UTI)

57
Q

“maple syrup” odor casued by

A

amino acids

58
Q

“musty or mousy” odor of an infant’s urine casued by

A

Phenylketonuria

59
Q

“Rancid butter” or “fishy” odor casued by

A

Hypermethioninemia

60
Q

stronger ammonia odor casued by

A

Dehydration

61
Q

define Urine Specific Gravity (USG)

A

Ratio of the weight of urine to the weight of the same volume of distilled water at a constant
temperature

62
Q

USG Used to measure the

A

concentrating

diluting ability of the kidney

63
Q

one of the first functions to be lost as a result of tubular damage

A

Concentrating ability

64
Q

Normal USG range

A

1.003–1.035

65
Q

In Refractive Index, we use a tool called

A

Total Solids (TS) Meter (refractometer)

66
Q

degree of deviation or refraction is proportional to ____

A

the density of the solution.

67
Q

Refractive index varies with ___

A

Temprature

68
Q

Specific Gravity Reagent Strips actually measures ____

A

ionic concentration

69
Q

Specific Gravity Reagent Strips Indicator measures the change in ____

70
Q

When urine has an increased specific gravity, the reagent pad becomes more _____

71
Q

Urine Osmolality depends on ______

A

The number of particles in the solution

72
Q

whereas specific gravity depends on

A

the number and weight of the solutes

73
Q

Osmolality is a better indicator of the concentrating and diluting abilities of the kidney, because

A

it’s unaffected by the density of solutes.

74
Q

In pathological urines, what type of measurement of urine osmolality should be used?

A

direct measurement

6- UA (9 decks)

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