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6- UA > 1- Renal Anat, Phys & urine formation > Flashcards

1- Renal Anat, Phys & urine formation Flashcards

1
Q

urinary system 4 main component:

A

kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra

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2
Q

Kidneys functions

A

produce urine Blood metabolic balance produce the hormones Produce the enzyme renin

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3
Q

Hormones that are produced by kidney:

A

erythropoietin calcitriol prostaglandins

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4
Q

Both kidneys located ______

A

retroperitoneally

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5
Q

Left kidney level:

A

T11 - L2

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6
Q

Right kidney level:

A

T12 - L3

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7
Q

What goes through the kidney hilum

A

renal artery renal vein ureter

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8
Q

the main functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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9
Q

Nephron types:

A

Cortical nephron juxtaglomedullary

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10
Q

Define Cortical nephron

A

Located mostly within the cortex, and have short length of the loop of Henle

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11
Q

Define juxtaglomedullary

A

extend deep into the medulla and have long loop of Henle

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12
Q

Movement of waste from blood to kidney is called

A

Filtration

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13
Q

Filtration occurs in (be specific)

A

glomerulus

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14
Q

Movement of material from kidney back to body

A

Reabsorption

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15
Q

Movement from body straight to kidney

A

Secretion

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16
Q

Secretion occurs in

A

proximal convoluted

tubule loop of Henle

distal convoluted tubule

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17
Q

Excretion occurs in

A

collecting duct

minor calyx

major calyx

renal pelvis

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18
Q

20-25% of the blood leaving the left ventricle of the heart enters the kidneys via _____

A

renal arteries

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19
Q

Blood passes through the kidneys at a rate of

A

1200 ml/min, or 600 ml/min/kidney.

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20
Q

Afferent arterioles carry blood to the ____

A

capillary tuft

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21
Q

capillary tuft aka

A

glomerulus

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22
Q

Efferent arterioles that contain _________

A

blood that was not filtered

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23
Q

Efferent arterioles blood come from

A

the peritubular capillaries in the cortex Vasa recta in the medulla

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24
Q

The glomerulus is located between

A

two arterioles (Bowman’s capsule)

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25
Q

he outer (parietal) layer of Bowman’s capsule is composed of

A

squamous epithelium (parietal epithelial cells)

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26
Q

he inside (visceral) layer of Bowman’s capsule is composed of

A

specialized cells “podocytes” (visceral epithelial cells)

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27
Q

space between the outer portion of the capsule and visceral portion of the capsule

A

Bowman’s space

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28
Q

The filtrate of the blood pools in

A

Bowman’s space

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29
Q

Glomerular Filtration rate

A

90-120 ml/min

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30
Q

90-120 ml/min, or one-fifth of the renal plasma, is filtered through the glomeruli forming the _____

A

ultrafiltrate

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31
Q

GFR estimates how much ________

A

blood passes through glomeruli each minute

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32
Q

GFR test aka

A

Clearance test

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33
Q

GFR test (clearance test) measures how well the kidneys are filtering _______ (compound)

A

creatinine

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34
Q

Def: a waste product of creatine phosphate breakdown in muscles

A

creatinine

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35
Q

GFR test (clearance test) requires the collection of:

A

a 24 hour urine sample

blood sample

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36
Q

Define: substances which are almost completely reabsorbed by the renal tubules when their concentration in the plasma is within normal limits

A

Threshold substances

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37
Q

Glucose appears in the urine when plasma concentration exceeds about

A

160 to 180 mg/dl

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38
Q

Tubular Function (proximal tubules) absorption

A
  • amino acids, proteins (100%)
  • glucose (100%)
  • HCO3¯ (90%)
  • K⁺, NaCl, Ca (65%)
  • H2O (65%)
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39
Q

Which substence that doesn’t get reabsorbed

A

creatinine

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40
Q

Tubular Function (proximal tubules) secretions

A
  • uric acid
  • organic acids (antibiotics)
  • creatinine
  • hydrogen ion
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41
Q

Tubular Function (loop of Henle): REABSORPES

A
  • H2O
  • NaCl (25%)
  • Ca⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺
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42
Q

Tubular Function (loop of Henle): SECRETES

A
  • hydrogen ion
  • ammonia
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43
Q

Descending limb of the loop of Henle properties

A

permeable to water No reabsorption of solutes

44
Q

Ascending limb of the loop of Henle properties

A

impermeable to water

hydrogen ion and ammonia are secreted

active reabsorption of solute

45
Q

Fluid leaving the loop of Henle has a (Higher/lower) osmolality than plasma

A

Lower

46
Q

Fluid leaving the loop of Henle has a lower osmolality than plasma because of

A

lost sodium chloride

47
Q

Tubular Function (distal tubules) REABSORPES

A
  • NaCl (5%)
  • H2O
  • Ca⁺⁺
48
Q

Tubular Function (distal tubules) SECRETES

A
  • K⁺
  • H⁺
  • urea
49
Q

Tubular Function (collecting ducts): REABSORPES

A
  • urea
  • NaCl (5%)
  • H2O
50
Q

Tubular Function (collecting ducts) EXCRETE

A
  • H2O
  • NaCl
  • K⁺
  • HCO3¯
  • creatinine
51
Q

About ____% of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by the time it reaches the distal tubule

A

90

52
Q

blood pH range

A

7.35 to 7.45

53
Q

Maintaining the pH regulated by

A

lungs and kidneys

54
Q

A region of tissue found in each nephron in the kidney regulates blood pressure, body fluid and electrolytes.

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

55
Q

JGA is a microscopic structure in the kidney that regulates the function of each _____

A

nephron

56
Q

The three cellular components of JGA :

A

the macula densa

juxtaglomerular cells

mesangial cells

57
Q

macula densa is located at

A

the distal convoluted tubule

58
Q

smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole known as

A

juxtaglomerular cells

59
Q

juxtaglomerular cells produce and secrete

A

renin

60
Q

mesangial cells secrete

A

erythropoietin

61
Q

Renin is secreted and reacts with the precursor ____

A

angiotensinogen in the blood

62
Q

Renin convert angiotensinogen into

A

angiotensin I

63
Q

Angiotensin I passes through the

A

Lungs

64
Q

Angiotensin I interacts with which enzyme

A

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

65
Q

ACE converts Angiotensin I to

A

angiotensin II

66
Q

Angiotensin II function

A

vasoconstriction

trigger aldosterone

trigger antidiuretic hormone

67
Q

aldosterone is secreted by

A

adrenal glands

68
Q

aldosterone increases ______ reabsorption

A

sodium

69
Q

antidiuretic hormone aka

A

vasopressin

70
Q

antidiuretic hormone is secreted by

A

posterior pituitary gland

71
Q

Aldosterone is secreted by

A

adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa)

72
Q

Aldosterone effect on blood sodium

A

increases blood sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules

73
Q

Aldosterone effect on BP

A

raises blood pressure

74
Q

Aldosterone enhances potassium/sodium ions in the _______ of nephrons

A

distal tubules

75
Q

Insufficient ADH results in

A

diabetes insipidus (DI)

76
Q

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion AKA

A

SIADH-syndrome

77
Q

SIADH-syndrome Is characterized by

A

excessive release of ADH

continued secretion of ADH in spite of plasma

hypotonicity normal or expandedplasma volume

78
Q

80% of this syndrome is caused by

A

small cell lung carcinoma

79
Q

small cell lung carcinoma aka

A

oat cell carcinoma

80
Q

SIADH-syndrome May result from complication of

A

Brain injury

tumor growth

certain medications

81
Q

SIADH-syndrome results in

A

high plasma volume

low serum osmolarity

low plasma sodium (hyponatremia)

high urine osmolarity

higher than normal urine sodium

82
Q

In general, increased ADH causes water retention without

A

extracellular fluid volume expansion and without edema or hypertension

83
Q

When hyponatremia is severe, symptoms of______ become prominent

A

cerebral edema

84
Q

cerebral edema symptoms

A

irritability

confusion

seizures

coma

85
Q

Excreted as urine average

A

1 ml/min

86
Q

Dehydration reduces urine production to

A

0.3 ml/min

87
Q

Excessive hydration increases urine production to

A

15 ml/min

88
Q

Average adult urine daily volume of urine

A

1200-1500 ml

89
Q

More urine is produced during (day/night)

A

day

90
Q

Normal total urine range may be from

A

600-2000 ml/24 hr

91
Q

Def: is an abnormal increase in the volume of urine hours)

A

Polyuria

92
Q

Polyuria is found in pt’s with

A

diabetes insipidus

diabetes mellitus

93
Q

Polyuria frequncy (ml/day)

A

2500 ml and > per 24

94
Q

Def: is a decrease in urinary volume

A

Oliguria

95
Q

Oliguria occurs in Pt’s with

A

shock and acute glomerulonephritis

96
Q

In an adult Oliguria frequently defined as being (ml/day)

A

< 400 ml/24 hr

97
Q

Def: designates the complete suppression of urine formation

A

Anuria

98
Q

Anuria defined as being (ml/day)

A

< 75 ml/24 h during 2 to 3 consecutive days

99
Q

In 24 hours the body excretes Approximately ____ g of dissolved material

A

60g

100
Q

half of excreted dissolved material is

A

urea

101
Q

abnormal compounds/elements in urine

A

Bilirubin

Blood

Glucose

Ketone bodies

Porphyrins

Protein

102
Q

sediment Final Urine Composition

A

Cells Crystals Casts

103
Q

renal disorders that help in diagnosing

A

cystitis nephritis

104
Q

cystitis is the inflammation of

A

bladder

105
Q

nephritis is the inflammation of

A

kidney

106
Q

nephritis with bacterial infection is called

A

pyelonephritis

107
Q

nephritis without bacterial infection is called

A

glomerulonephritis

6- UA (9 decks)

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