2) Class Hepatopsida (Liverworts) *Marchantia*

Question 1

1) Three features of Marchantia?

Answer 1

1. Dichotomously branching, lobed plant body.
2. Air chambers & pores are found.
3. Bud-like branches, gemmae, are produced in cup-like structures (gemma cups) on plant’s surface.

Question 2

2) Where are the sex organs found?

Answer 2

1. Sex organs on special branches called antheridiophores & archegoniophores (gametophytes).
2. Antheridia occur in chambers on the upper surface of antheridiopodal disc.
3. Archegonia occur on the lower side of the archegoniophore.

Question 3

3) Fertilization occurs by:

Answer 3

splashing of sperms from the antheridial disc.

Question 4

4) Development process (4)?

Answer 4

1. **Zygote **develops into sporophyte.
2. Sporophyte has:
   
   • ​​Foot
   • Stalk (seta)
   • Capsule
   • Elaters among spores
   • Abundant chloroplasts
3. After the capsule has matured its spores, the **seta **elongates.
4. Capsules open by elongation of setae & spores develop into male or female gametophytes.